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LUNGS 9 GIV+ OXYG5 6! BLOOD &! ROLE ( O!R ORGANS 9 4POS+ (! WA/E MATT]4 ,X FOCUSES M BROADLY ON ! ROLES (! BLOOD VESSELS &! DIREC;N ( BLOOD FL[4 ,EXPLA9 6/UD5TS T ! "PS ( ? DRAW+ >E GRTLY 5L>G$4 ,ON ! LEFT IS AN >T]Y C>RY+ BLOOD F ! HE>T4 ,! >R[ %[S H[ BLOOD FL[S 96A BRAN* & F "! 96SU3ESSIVELY SMALL] BRAN*ES 7! CAPILL>IES74 ,"! ! BLOOD PICKS #AG UP WA/E PRODUCTS F ! CELLS & 3T9UES ON XS PA? 6! VE9S & BACK T[>D ! HE>T4 #AF4 ,! ,EYE--,FRONT ,VIEW ,? DUAL-PURPOSE DRAW+ %[S ! EXT]IOR F1TURES (! EYE & ILLU/RATES ! EXPAN.N & 3TRAC;N (! PUPIL 9 V>Y+ LI1L PATT]N =! IRIS4 ,! UPP] "P (! DRAW+ %[S ! PUPIL 5L>G$ "U DIM LIE1 F "R 6LEFT1 ! PUPIL1 IRIS1 L5S1 RET9A1 & OPTIC N]VE4 ,X IS IMPORTANT 6"W AT L5G? ) /UD5TS 6-P>E ? DRAW+ )! PREVI\S VIEW (! EYE F ! FRONT1 &)A MODEL (! EYE IF "O IS AVAILA#4 ,? HELPS !M LE>N M AB ! WAY ! EYE "WS1 : C MAKE VISU,Y IMPAIR$ /UD5TS BETT] A# 6ADVOCATE = _! [N NE$S & PREF];ES 9 LE>N+ & 9 M$ICAL TR1T;T4 ,X AL GIVES !M PRACTICE 9 ! SPATIAL SKILL ( -P>+ ITEMS F DI6]5T VIEWS1 A SKILL : W HELP !M "U/& -PLEX /RUCTURES M -PLETELY4 ,"H >E "S "QS OR PO9TS ( 4CUS.N T MAY 2 HELP;L3 ,:AT F1TURES DID Y F9D 9 ! FRONT VIEW T >5'T 9CLUD$ "H8 7EYELIDS & LA%ES7 ,:AT "PS DOES ? DRAW+ 9CLUDE T >5'T 9 ! FRONT VIEW8 7L5S1 RET9A1 & OPTIC N]VE7 ,:Y D Y ?9K ^! W]5'T 9CLUD$ 9 ! F/ DRAW+8 7,!Y >E HI45 2H ! FRONT "PS (! EYE47 ,:Y D ! IRIS & PUPIL H S* DI6]5T %APES 9 ! TWO DRAW+S8 7,! FRONT VIEW ONLY %[S ! SURFACE2 ! CUTAWAY VIEW %[S ! ?ICK;S (! /RUCTURES47 #AH4 ,IMAGE ,=M,N ON ,RET9A ,/>T 0HAV+ /UD5TS -P>E ! LABEL$ EYE ON ! "R ( ? DRAW+ )! "O 9 ! #AI PREVI\S DRAW+4 ,? "O IS SMALL] & FACES 6! LEFT2 ONLY ! G5]AL \TL9E IS SIMIL>4 ,! L5S & RET9A >E LABEL$4 ,ON ! LEFT IS A %APE LABEL$ 8OBJECT40 ,! RAYS ( LIE TEXTUR$ 6BE DIREC;NAL2 T IS1 !Y FEEL SLID72 ! RAYS F ! TOP (! OBJECT =M ! IMAGE AT ! L[] "P (! RET9A & VICE V]SA4 ,X'S UP 6! BRA9 6SET ^! 9V]T$ IMAGES ! "R WAY AG4 #AH4 ,REFRAC;N ,A B1M ( :ITE LII\S COLORS ( LIE A6ECT$ DI6]5TLY 2C ( _! 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ME*ANICS ( OPTICAL DRAW+S T5D 6BE DI6ICULT = /UD5TS 6GRASP1 Y W NE$ 6GIVE A LOT ( V]BAL & H&-OV]-H& GUID.E4 ,! UPP] MIRROR IS 3CAVE4 ,NOTE T ! MI4LE RAY REFLECTS BACK ON XF1 & T ALL ! REFLECT$ RAYS >E FOCUS$ 9 ! >EA ": !Y PASS "? EA* O!R4 ,NOTE TOO T ! TOP RAY 7LABEL$ ;T7 REFLECTS D[NW>D :ILE ! BOTTOM RAY 7B7 REFLECTS UPW>D1 S ! IMAGE (! LID2 ! IMAGE 9 ? CASE WD N 2 9V]T$4 #BA4 ,S.D ,FREQU5CIES ,! TOP "P ( ? DIAGRAM %[S ! HI< PIT*$ S.D PRODUC$ 0A :I/LE4 ,! TEXTUR$ >1S REPRES5T AIR MOLECULES4 ,DRAW /UD5TS' ATT5;N 6! ALT]NAT+ B&S ( -PRESS$ 7D5S]7 & UNCOMPRESS$ 7LESS D5SE7 AIR2 ^! %[ ! FREQU5CY (! VIBR,NS T PRODUCE ! S.D4 ,2 SURE 6NOTE = /UD5TS T ! CURV$ L9ES DEL91T+ ^! B&S ( AIR >E IMAG9>Y2 T IS1 !Y >E US$ 9 DRAW+S 69DICATE A WAVE MO;N B >E N VISI#4 ,! BOTTOM "P ILLU/RATES ! RELATIVELY L[ PIT* PRODUC$ 0! HORN (A TUBA4 #BC ,! AIR IS N VIBRAT$ 7-PRESS$ & DECOMPRESS$7 Z RAPIDLY2 ?US ! FREQU5CY &! PIT* >E L[]4 #BB4 7,KEY7 #BC4 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,AIR ,MASSES ,? DIAGRAM USES TACTILE ELE;TS AT DI6]5T HEIT ) /UD5TS 0E/ABLI%+ T ? IS A MAP & T ! L[ RELIEF L9ES & DOTT$ TEXTURE GIVE AN \TL9E (! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN 3T95T SURR.D$ 0WAT]4 ,ALASKA & ,MEXICO >E %[N 9COMPLETELY AT ! UPP] & L[] EXTREMES1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,Z /UD5TS MAY N H SE5 _M MAPS1 X IS IMPORTANT 6SP5D EXTRA "T ) ? \TL9E & :AT X REPRES5TS4 ,! BROAD >R[S >E %[N AT ! HIR[ IS ASSOCIAT$ )A TWO- LR LABEL 9DICAT+ ! ORIG9 73T95TAL OR M>I"T7 & RELATIVE W>M? 7POL> OR TROPICAL7 (! AIR MASS4 ,HELP /UD5TS "U/& T ! >R[S D N PO9T 6SPECIFIC LOC,NS B 9DICATE G5]AL DIREC;NS (! AIR MOVE;TS4 #BD4 ,COLD ,FRONT ,! DRAW+ IS ORI5T$ SIDEWAYS ON ! PAGE4 ,UNLIKE ! PREVI\S DRAW+1 : PRES5T$ AN OV]H1D VIEW1 ? DIAGRAM GIVES A BROAD VIEW (A COLD FRONT SY/EM F A GR.D LEVEL VANTAGE4 ,ON ! LEFT IS A SOLID RAIS$ >EA ( COLD AIR2 ! >R[ 9DICATES XS MOVE;T 6! "R4 ,Z X PU%ES IN1 ! W>M AIR IS PU%$ UPW>D1 Z 9DICAT$ 0! >R[S ON ! "R4 ,A T[]+ CUMULONIMBUS CL\D PILES UP1 LOAD$ ) MOI/URE1 Z %[N 0! TEXTUR$ >EA4 ,"S (! MOI/URE FALLS 6! GR.D Z RA94 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T :ILE ! AIR MASSES >E N VISI#1 ! CL\DS & RA9 >E4 ,? IS 2C M* (! 9VISI# MOI/URE C>RI$ 9 ! W>M AIR MASS 3D5SES &! COLLEC;N ( T9Y DROPLETS IS D5SE 5 6REFLECT LIM ,FRONT ,Z 9 ! PREVI\S DRAW+1 AN AIR MASS IS %[N MOV+ 9 F ! LEFT4 ,? "T X IS #BE A W>M AIR MASS1 & X 8RIDES UP0 OV] ! COLD AIR MASS ALR PRES5T4 ,AT ! HILI] ILLU/R,N ( AIR MASSES T W1!R SY/EMS G5],Y MOVE F WE/ 6EA/ ACR ! C.TRY4 ,ONCE /UD5TS >E FAMILI> )! SYMBOLS1 Y MAY H !M EXAM9E ! MAP & DESCRIBE ! 3DI;NS IS DEPICTS1 AL\D OR 9 WRIT+1 9 ! /YLE (A ,,TV W1!RCA/]3 8,A W>M FRONT IS MOV+ T[>D ? >EA ( HI< PRESSURE 9 ! C5T] (! C.TRY10 OR 8,! EA/ COA/ IS GETT+ RA91 ) ?"U/ORMS 6! S\?40 #BG4 ,! ,ATMOSPH]E ,A NUMB] ( ?+S 9 ? DRAW+ MAY REQUIRE SPECIAL EXPLAN,N = BL /UD5TS4 ,F/1 ! DRAW+ IS ONLY A SEC;N (A CROSS-SEC;N4 ,! CURV+ L9ES REPRES5T+ ! ,E>?'S SURFACE &! 7IMAG9>Y7 DIVI.NS 2T ! ATMOSPH]IC LAY]S WD1 IF EXT5D$1 -E >.D 6=M -PLETE CIRCLES4 ,? VIEW ZOOMS 9 6%[ A "P (! SY/EM 9 DETAIL4 ,! TEXTUR$ >1S DEPICT ! -PON5TS (! ATMOSPH]E--AIR1 DU/1 & MOI/URE--&! L9ES DEPICT IMAG9>Y B.D>IES 2T LAY]S4 ,"W+ F ! GR.D UPW>D1 ! LABEL$ >1S >E TROPOSPH]E1 /RATOSPH]E1 MESOSPH]E1 IONOSPH]E1 & EXOSPH]E4 #BH4 ,E>?'S ,LAY]S ,? SIMPLE DRAW+ %[S ! RELATIVE ?9;S (! ,E>?'S CRU/ 9 -P>ISON )! ?ICK;S (! MANTLE &! CORE4 ,=A M H&S-ON MODEL1 H /UD5TS EXAM9E A H>D-BOIL$ EGG OR AN AVOCADO CUT N1TLY "? ! FATTE/ "P1 OR A P1* CUT "? F TOP 6BOTTOM4 #BI4 ,VOLCANO ,=M,N 7,CUTAWAY ,VIEW7 ,? TWO-"P DRAW+ ILLU/RATES POSSI# =M,NS RESULT+ F ERUP;NS ( MAGMA4 #BG ,"P #A %[S MAGMA RIS+ "? ! ,E>?'S CRU/ 9 TWO PLACES4 ,HELP /UD5TS "U/& ! SCALE (! DRAW+2 T IS1 ! SOLID >1S REPRES5T ! ?ICK;S (! CRU/ &! TEXTUR$ >1S >E VA/ "UGR.D POOLS ( MAGMA BR1K+ "? F 2L4 ,"P #B %[S1 ON ! LEFT1 A LAVA DOME =M$ 0! MAGMA SPR1D+ \ OV] ! L&1 & ON ! "R1 AN EXPLO.N ( LAVA & ROCK HI< 96! 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E6ECT 6/UD5TS1 USE A 8/RESS RELIEV]0 BALL OR A ?ICK RU2] B& 6%[ H[ EL;G,N 9 "O DIREC;N REQUIRES 3TRAC;N 9 ANO!R4 #CE4 ,WAVE ,BR1K+ ON ,%ORE ,! KEY PO9T = /UD5TS 6GRASP 9 "U/&+ H[ A WAVE 8BR1KS0 IS T ! MOV+ TIDE 5C.T]S DRAG F ! OC1N FLOOR Z ! FLOOR RISES4 ,:ILE ! WAT] 2L SL[S D[N1 ! WAT] AT ! TOP KEEPS MOV+ AH1D & EV5TU,Y BR1KS OV] ! TOP4 ,MAKE SURE /UD5TS SEE T ! L9E REPRES5T+ ! OC1N FLOOR SLOPES UPW>D :ILE ! CRE/S (! WAVES REMA9 AT ! SAME LEVEL4 ,Y MID4 #CF4 ,SUNLI? ,! SUN IS N %[N 9 ? DRAW+ B IS PRESUM$ 6BE (F 6! "R (! PAGE4 ,! TEXTURES ON ! MOON & ,E>? >E >1S #CA LIT 0! SUN'S RAYS1 &! >1S )\T TEXTURE >E 9 D>K;S4 ,/UD5TS %D KEEP 9 M9D T NEI ! ,E>? NOR ! MOON GIVES (F VISI# LI?1 & S ! MOON ISN'T SE5 7NEW MOON74 ,9 ! L[] "P1 ! MOON REFLECTS SUNLID ! ,E>? & ?US IS VISI# 6P ON ! SIDE FAC+ X 7FULL MOON74 #CF4 ,MOON ,PHASES ,! L[] "P ( ? PAGE %[S ! PHASES (! MOON Z X MOVES "? XS CYCLE4 ,! TEXTUR$ >1S \TL9$ )A HI<] L9E REPRES5T :AT IS SE5 F ! ,E>?4 ,! L[E/ L9ES 9 ! DRAW+ PROVIDE A 3T9U;Y ( %APE F "O PHASE ILLU/R,N 6! NEXT1 B !Y D N \TL9E VISI# "PS (! MOON4 ,F LEFT 6"R1 ! LABEL$ PHASES >E3 NEW1 CRESC5T1 QU>T]1 GI2\S FULL1 GI2\S1 QU>T]1 CRESC5T ,6RECALL : CRESC5T IS WAX+ & : IS WAN+1 J REMEMB] T ! WAN+ MOON SAYS 8;,C Y LAT]40 ,IF ! CRESC5T PO9TS L ! LR ;,C1 ! MOON IS WAN+4 #CG4 ,SUMM] & ,W9T] ,SUNLI?'S ORI5T,N 6! SUN'S LI1S REPRES5T ": ! SUN'S RAYS >E FALL+4 7,>1S ( "D & NIE AL LABEL$ 9 BRL47 ,S9CE "! >E S _M SPATIAL REL,N%IPS 63VEY 9 ? 3CEPT1 Y W PROBABLY NE$ PHYSICAL MODELS 6ILLU/RATE X4 ,A BALL1 P]H )A P5CIL OR D[EL "? X 6S]VE Z AN AXIS1 MAY REPRES5T ! ,E>?4 ,A RU2] B& >.D ! BALL C 2 ! EQUATOR1 & EXPLOR,N (! MODEL 2G9S )! 4CUS.N ( H[ ? IMAG9>Y L9E DIVIDES ! NOR!RN & S\!RN HEMISPH]ES4 ,NEXT -ES ! ROT,N (! ,E>? >.D XS TILT$ AXIS1 ) AN EXPLAN,N T ! POLES Z %[N 9 ! MODEL &! DRAW+ >E AL N R1L OBJECTS4 ,FOLL[ ? )! ORBIT+ (! ,E>? >.D ! SUN1 S* T "O HEMISPH]E RCVS M DIRECT SUN AT "TS & EXP]I;ES SUMM]1 :ILE ! O!R EXP]I;ES W9T]4 ,A #CC /UD5T'S H& MAY REPRES5T ! SUNLIE PO9T$4 ,) AN "U/&+ (! MODEL1 /UD5TS MAY 2 A# 6SEE H[ ! TILT ANGLE M1NS DI6]5T AM.TS ( SUNLI?4 ,! TOP HALF (! DRAW+ %[S W9T] 9 ! NOR!RN HEMISPH]E2 MO/ (! SUN'S RAYS FALL 2L ! EQUATOR Z ! NOR? POLE ANGLES AWAY F ! SUN4 ,! BOTTOM HALF (! DRAW+ %[S ! REV]SE2 ! POLE ANGLES T[>D ! SUN1 &! NOR!RN HEMISPH]E EXP]I;ES SUMM]4 #CH4 ,DIRECT ,RAYS & ,SLANT+ ,RAYS ,? DRAW+ ILLU/RATES :Y SUN'S RAYS F DIRECTLY OV]H1D PROVIDE M W>M? ?AN RAYS -+ F A L[ ANGLE4 ,! TOP "P %[S ! OV]H1D LIEA ( #A SQU>E FEET FALLS ON #A SQU>E FEET ( GR.D4 ,9 ! L[] "P (! DRAW+1 ANO!R %AFT ( LIEA B1 2C (! SLANT+ ANGLE1 SPR1DS \ OV] #A.H SQU>E FEET ( GR.D4 ,? %[S H[1 9 ! W9T]1 ! SAME AM.T ( LIG] >EA (! GR.D & ?US PROVIDES LESS W>M?4 ,"O WAY 6SIMULATE ! 3CEPT ( AN 8>EA0 ( SUNLIM4 ,IF Y ANGLE ! AIR ACR ! F+]TIP1 X W 2 COOL]4 ,! AM.T ( AIR MOV+ "? ! /RAW IS ! SAME 9 BO? CASES1 B ! S5S,N ( W>M? DEP5DS ON H[ M* >EA ! AIR SPR1DS OV]4 ,PRACTICE ? 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GALAXY1 & 9DICATES ! 8>MS0 ( />S SPIRAL+ \ F ! D5SE HUB4 ,\R SOL> SY/EM'S RELATIVE LOC,N IS M>K$4 ,! 8SIDE VIEW0 IS AL TAK5 F AN IMM5SE 4T.E1 B )9 ! SAME G5]AL PLANE Z ! GALAXY4 ,AG1 \R SOL> SY/EM'S LOC,N IS M>K$4 ,X IS G5],Y 3SID]$ DI6ICULT =A BL /UD5T 6RELATE DI6]5T VIEWS (! SAME OBJECT 6EA* O!R )\T A LOT ( SPECIFIC TRA9+4 ,"O WAY 6HELP /UD5TS PRACTICE ? K9D ( ASSOCI,N IS 6USE A SMALL PILL[ )A WIDE PILL[CASE OR RU6LE >.D ! CU%ION4 ,LAY ! PILL[ \ ON A TA# = /UD5TS 6EXAM9E F ABV4 ,RELATE ? 6! TOP VIEW 9 ! DRAW+4 ,VIEW+ ! PILL[ 7OR ! DRAW+7 F ! TOP %[S M AB XS %APE F "O SIDE 6! O!R4 ,N[ HOLD ! PILL[ & CASE 9 S* A WAY T /UD5TS C ONLY EXAM9E AL;G "O SIDE ( X4 ,? CORRESPONDS 6! SIDE VIEW 9 ! DRAW+4 ,VIEW+ F ! SIDE %[S M AB ! OBJECT'S HEIE NE$$ 6GIVE A -PLETE PICTURE (! OBJECT4 #CG #DC4 ,/ATES ( ,MATT] ,! TOP HALF (! DRAW+ REPRES5TS ! RELATIVE D5S;Y ( MOLECULES 9 A SOLID1 A LIQUID1 &A GAS4 ,/UD5TS %D NOTE T ! MOLECULES 9 ! SOLID =M >E >RANG$ 9 AN ORD]LY WAY2 9 ! LIQUID & GAS =MS !Y >E M SCATT]$4 #DC4 ,ATOM ,? DRAW+ %[S H[ AN ATOM IS TYPIC,Y REPRES5T$ 9 PICTURES4 ,9 ! C5T] IS ! NUCLEUS 3SI/+ ( TWO NEUTRONS & TWO PROTONS4 ,TWO ELECTRONS >E %[N 9 ORBIT >.D ! NUCLEUS4 ,NOTE ! RELATIVELY SMALL SIZE (! ELECTRONS -P>$ )! O!R "PICLES4 ,! ATOM PICTUR$ IS HELIUM1 Z X HAS TWO PROTONS & TWO ELECTRONS4 #DD4 ,MOLECULES & ,-P.DS ,! TOP DRAW+ %[S AN OXYG5 MOLECULE1 -POS$ ( TWO OXYG5 ATOMS JO9$ TGR4 #DD4 ,WAT] ,MOLECULE ,! L[] DRAW+ %[S A WAT] MOLECULE1 ) AN OXYG5 ATOM & TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS JO9$4 ,2C X -PRISES UNLIKE SUB/.ES1 ! MOLECULE IS AL A -P.D4 #DE4 ,FIELD ,>.D ,B> ,MAGNET ,! RAIS$ B> REPRES5TS ! MAGNET1 &! DA%$ L9ES %[ ! G5]AL PATT]N =M$ 0IRON FIL+S )9 ! MAGNET'S FIELD4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ? PATT]N IS A SIMPLIFIC,N (A M CR[D$ PATT]N !Y WD N 2 A# 64T+UI% ) _! F+]S IF !Y 7 6EXAM9E ! ACTUAL FIL+S &A MAGNET4 ,X W 2 HELP;L = /UD5TS 6H A SOLID FAMILI>;Y ) ? BASIC PATT]N 2F !Y MOVE ON ! NEXT DRAW+1 %[+ ! 9T]AC;NS 2T MAGNETIC POLES4 ,"W ) /UD5TS 6SEE ! SYMMETRY (! PATT]N F TOP 6BOTTOM & F LEFT 6"R4 ,X MAY 2 HELP;L 6COV] ! L[] "P (! PATT]N ) AN 9DEX C>D Z /UD5TS /UDY ! TOP "P4 ,!N FLIP ! C>D OV]1 Z IF X 7 ON A H+E1 6COV] ! TOP Z /UD5TS EXAM9E ! BOTTOM4 ,%[+ /UD5TS H[ ! 8H+$0 C>D FLIPS MAY HELP !M "U/& T ! IMAGE AL 8FLIPS0 >.D ! C5T]1 & #CI MAY HELP !M GRASP ! IDEA ( SYMMETRY4 #DF4 ,FIELDS ,>.D ,MAGNETIC ,POLES ,BUILD+ ON ! PATT]N %[N 9 ! PREVI\S DRAW+1 ? "O %[S H[ ! FIELDS ( SIMIL> POLES REPEL EA* O!R & ^? ( OPPOSITE POLES ATTRACT4 ,DIRECT /UD5TS' ATT5;N F/ 6! MI4LE SEC;N ( EA* B> MAGNET4 ,"! !Y W F9D L9ES ( FIL+S RADIAT+ \ F ! MAGNETS1 J Z 9 ! PREVI\S DRAW+4 ,?+S />T 6*ANGE1 H["E1 9 ! >EA 2T TWO MAGNETS4 ,": ! POLES >E SIMIL>1 ! E6ECT (! TWO FIELDS IS 6PU% ! FIL+S \ (! WAY--NOTE ! CLE>$ >EA 2T ! MAGNETS4 ,": ! POLES >E OPPOSITE1 X'S Z IF ! FIL+S >E PULL$ 2T !M 9 A TUG-(-W>4 ,L ! PREVI\S "O1 ? DRAW+ GIVES Y A *.E 6T1* SYMMETRY = ^? /UD5TS :O >E R1DY 6PRACTICE ! 3CEPT4 #DG4 ,9SIDE A ,BATT]Y ,? CROSS-SEC;NAL ILLU/R,N %[S ! 9T]IOR (A -MON H\SEHOLD BATT]Y4 ,! LABEL$ "PS >E ! C>BON ROD 9 ! MI4LE 7R71 ! *EMICAL PA/E SURR.D+ X 7P71 &! Z9C CAS+ 7Z74 ,/UD5TS MAY NE$ HELP )! BRL SYMBOLS 9SIDE ! BATT]Y4 ,! TEXTUR$ >1S REPRES5T+ ! PA/E >E LABEL$ ) M9US SIGNS 7@-7 &! C5T] ROD IS LABEL$ ) PLUS SIGNS 7@+7 69DICATE ! NEGATIVE & POSITIVE *>GES4 #DG4 ,FL[ ( ,CURR5T ,? ILLU/R,N BUILDS ON ! "O ABV X 6%[ ! FL[ ( CURR5T F ! NEGATIVE 7@-7 T]M9AL (! BATT]Y 6! POSITIVE "O 7@+74 ,! L9E REPRES5T+ ! WIRE IS DIREC;NAL 9 XS TEXTURE1 M1N+ T IS FEELS SMOO!R 9 "O DIREC;N ?AN 9 ! O!R2 ! SMOO!R DIREC;N 9DICATES ! DIREC;N (! CURR5T4 ,? FL[ IS AL 9DICAT$ ) >R[S4 ,ON ! "R IS A LI.D X 6%[ X'S LIT UP4 ,X IS1 ( C\RSE1 A VISUAL 3V5;N 6%[ LIE ON ! TOP R[3 ! OP5 & CLOS$ SWIT*ES4 ,MAKE SURE /UD5TS "U/& !Y >E ID5TICAL EXCEPT T ! F/ "O IS SWUNG OP5 L A DOOR ON A H+E4 #DH4 ,SIMPLE ,CIRCUIT ,DIAGRAM ,! L[] ILLU/R,N %[S "S (! SYMBOLS -B9$ 9 AN ACTUAL CIRCUIT4 ,HELP /UD5TS FOLL[ >.D ! PA?1 />T+ )! BATT]Y 9 ! UPP] LEFT & MOV+ CLOCKWISE >.D4 ,Y MIE NORM,Y 9A3ESSI# 6T\*4 ,X W 2 HELP;L 6H AN ACTUAL LIISON4 ,ON ! LEFT IS ! \T] VIEW AVAILA# 6SIE ! FILA;T 7F71 WIRE 7W71 GLASS 9SULATOR 7G71 METAL BASE1 & TIP4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ! FILA;T IS A TID 6SEE1 & ? PICTURE DOESN'T RE,Y %[ :AT X LOOKS L4 ,ON ! "R IS A CUTAWAY VIEW )! \T] GLASS REMOV$ &! "PS SLIS 3NECT$ 6! BASE1 IS ACTU,Y 9SULAT$ F X4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! GLASS 9SULATOR 9SIDE ! BULB KEEPS ! TWO 5DS (! WIRE F T\*+ & CR1T+ A %ORT CIRCUIT4 ,IF Y C D S SAFELY1 3SID] BR1K+ OP5 A R1L LIE !M 6^? 9 ! DRAW+4 #EJ4 ,AIRFL[ ,>.D ,W+ 7,SIDE ,VIEW7 ,/UD5TS W NE$ "S HELP "U/&+ ! VIEWPO9T (! UPP] DRAW+1 Z X #DC 9VOLVES A SIDE OR CROSS-SEC;NAL VIEW ( AN OBJECT 7AN AIRPLANE W+7 T EXT5DS F> AWAY F ! VIEW]4 ,! OBJECT LABEL$ W+1 Z X'S %[N1 DOESN'T RE,Y RESEM# ANY K9D ( W+ ! /UD5TS H SE54 ,EXPLA9 T 9 ORD] 6%[ H[ AIR FL[S >.D A W+1 Y NE$ 6%[ ! AIR ABV & 2L ! W+ AT ! SAME "T1 & T A SIDE VIEW ALL[S ?4 ,NOTE H[ ! SIDE VIEW (! W+ LOOKS A BIT L ! SIDE VIEW (A ?REE-R+ B9D] OR FOLD]1 )A BULGE AT "O 5D &! O!R 5D TAP]+ 6A PO9T4 ,X MAY HELP 6ILLU/RATE ? US+ A FOLD] )A ROLL$-UP PAP] TUCK$ 96X 6CR1TE ! BULG+ 5D4 ,LET /UD5TS EXAM9E ! TOP SURFACE F/ 6GET A FEEL+ =! G5]AL %APE (A W+4 ,!N HOLD ! FOLD] 9 S* A WAY T /UD5TS C ONLY TRACE ! SIDE $GE1 & ORI5T X 6MAT* ! ORI5T,N (! W+ 9 ! DIAGRAM4 ,"W ) /UD5TS 6%[ H[ ? K9D ( 8SIDE VIEW0 ALL[S Y 6SEE ABV & 2L AT ! SAME "T4 ,! L9ES 9 ? DRAW+ >E TEXTUR$ 6%[ DIREC;N F LEFT 6"R4 ,MAKE SURE /UD5TS DETECT T ! UPP] L9ES H 6TRAVEL FUR!R1 OV] ! CURVE (! W+1 & "!=E FA/] ?AN ! L[] "OS4 ,! DI6];E 9 SPE$ CR1TES ! L[] PRESSURE ABV ! W+ & G5]ATES LIFT4 #EJ4 ,=CES ,ACT+ ON ,AIRPLANE 9 ,FLIE ! BODY (! AIRPLANE &! SMALL TAIL W+4 ,AG1 ! VIEWPO9T REQUIRES EXPLAN,N 2C WE'RE SEE+ ! PROFILE ( "O 5D (! W+ &! PLANE AT ! O!R 5D (! W+4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 WE >E VIEW+ ?+S T >E AT DI6]5T 4T.ES1 "O SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! O!R4 ,Z /UD5TS LE>N 69T]PRET ? ILLU/R,N1 !Y SEE H[ FLI?71 LIFT 7F ! =W>D MOVE;T (! W+S71 ?RU/ 7F ! 5G9ES71 & DRAG 7F AIR FRIC;N74 #EA4 ,PROPUL.N ,? TWO-"P DRAW+ %[S A S1L$ BALLOON AT ! TOP &A BALLOON )A HOLE 9 X AT ! BOTTOM4 ,9 ! UPP] PICTURE1 ! =CES ( AIR PRESSURE 7REPRES5T$ 0>R[S7 PU% EQU,Y "?\T ! 9SIDE (! BALLOON4 #DE ,9 ! L[] PICTURE1 ! =CES >E UNEQUAL1 &! BALLOON %OOTS UPW>D 2C "!'S NO OPPOS+ =CE 6HOLD X BACK4 ,! DIREC;N ( MO;N &! ESCAP+ AIR >E BO? LABEL$ 9 ! L[] PICTURE4 ,? PR9CIPLE IS EASILY DEMON/RAT$ ) UP 6?REE /UD5TS &A TEXTBOOK4 ,SIMPLY HOLD "O SIDE (! BOOK YRF & H /UD5TS G5TLY PULL ! OPPOS+ SIDES4 ,! BOOK DOESN'T MOVE 2C ! =CES >E BAL.ED4 ,B :5 Y SU45LY LET G1 SEE :AT HAPP5S4 ,! =CES >E UNEQUAL1 & ! BOOK 7&! P]SON PULL+ X67 JUMPS AWAY 9 ! DIREC;N ": PRESSURE IS / 2+ APPLI$4 #EB4 ,P[]+ A ,ROCKET ,? DRAW+ BUILDS ON ! PREVI\S "O & %[S H[ ! =CES C 2 US$ 6PROPEL A ROCKET4 ,! LABEL$ "PS >E OXYG51 FUEL1 & -BUS;N4 ,! DIREC;N ( MO;N IS AL 9DICAT$4 ,! CIRCUL> *AMB] ": -BUS;N TAKES PLACE IS DESIGN$ 6RESEM# ! BALLOONS 9 ! PREVI\S DRAW+1 6RE9=CE ! 3CEPT ( AN UPW>D =CE ) NO OPPOS+ D[NW>D =CE4 ,,! ,,5D