,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET "<,,NEME? ,V].N"> ,T1*]'S ,GUIDEBOOK ,9 #A ,VOLUME ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#C1 P#A-P#I1 & #A-#GA ,PAGES I-AVII & #A-A#GA ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF-#JJHE ,,USA ,PH"O3 #EJB-#HIE-#BDJE ,TOLL ,FREE3 #HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI ,FAX3 #EJB-#HII-#BBHD 9FO@AAPH4ORG WWW4APH4ORG T#A ,,,SPECIAL SYMBOLS US$ 9 ? VOLUME,' .= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0 .=^C ,COPY"R .=^1 ,BOLDFACE ^W 9DICATOR .=^2 ,BOLDFACE SYMBOL 9DICATOR .=^7 ,BOLDFACE PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=^' ,BOLDFACE T]M9ATOR .=_% ,OP5+ ,NEME? 9DICATOR .=_? ,CROSSHAT* .=_: ,CLOS+ ,NEME? 9DICATOR .=_1 ,"UL9E ^W 9DICATOR .=_4 ,BULLET .=.< ,OP5+ BRACKET .=.1 ,ITALIC ^W 9DICATOR .=.7 ,ITALIC PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=.> ,CLOS+ BRACKET .=.' ,ITALIC T]M9ATOR ,,TRANSCRIB]',S ,,NOTES ,? VOLUME IS TRANSCRIB$ AC TO .7,! ,RULES ( ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1.' ,SECOND ,$I;N #BJAC1 ) #BJAD ,UPDATES4 ,! *EMICAL EQUA;NS & LI/ ( ELE;TS H BE5 TRANSCRIB$ US+ .7,! ,NEME? ,BRL ,CODE = ,MA!MATICS & ,SCI;E ,NOTA;N1.' #AIGB ,REVI.N1 #BJJG-#BJAF ,UPDATES 9CLUD+ ! .7,GUID.E = ,TRANSCRIP;N ,US+ ! ,NEME? ,CODE )9 ,,UEB ,3TEXT4.' ,DESCRIP;NS ( PR9T ILLU/RA;NS H BE5 PLAC$ 9 BRACKETS4 T#C @.<,! FOLL[+ MAT]IAL IS F ! BACK COV] ( ! BOOK4@.> ,SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ,SAMIR ,AZ]1 ,SCI;E ,T1*] AT ! ,K5TUCKY ,S*OOL = ! ,BL1 :O 0 ! 9SPIRA;N 2H ! DEVELOP;T ( ? /UDY KIT4 ,"? ! USE ( 9T]ACTIVE PR9T & TACTILE ELE;TS1 /UD5TS GA9 H&S-ON "U/&+ ( AN ATOM'S /RUCTURE1 ! ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELE;TS1 & BALANC+ *EMICAL EQUA;NS4 P#A .7,AZ]'S I-II ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' ,COPY"R ^C #BJAH1 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C41 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF-#JJHE ,ALL "RS RES]V$4 ,PR9T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA ,? PUBLICA;N IS PROTECT$ BY ,COPY"R & P]MIS.N %D 2 OBTA9$ F ! PUBLI%] PRIOR TO ANY REPRODUC;N1 /ORAGE 9 A RETRIEVAL SY/EM1 OR TRANSMIS.N 9 ANY =M OR BY ANY M1NS1 ELECTRONIC1 ME*ANICAL1 PHOTOCOPY+1 RECORD+1 OR O!RWISE4 ,= 9=MA;N REG>D+ AII P]MIS.N1 WRITE TO3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF-#JJHE .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' .<,COMPLETE ,KIT1 ,,NEME? V].N1 ,CATALOG _?3 #A-#JHHEF-#JA.> .7,NOTE3 ,A3ESSIBLE V].NS ( ! ,T1*]'S ,GUIDEBOOK >E AVAILABLE = FREE D[NLOAD AT WWW4APH4ORG4.' P#C ,,PROJECT ,,/AFF III ^7,TACTILE & ,VISUAL ,DESIGN]_/,AU?OR^' ,K>5 ;,J4 ,POPPE ^1,PRODUCT ^1,3SULTANT_/" ,ORIG9ATOR ,SAMIR ,AZ]1 ,T1*] ( ! ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$ ^7,PROJECT ,ASSI/ANT_/,SCI;E ,3SULTANT^' ,ROSANNE ,H(FMANN ^1,RESE>* ^1,ASSI/ANT ,RA*EL ,:ITE ^1,MODEL_/,PATT]N ^1,MAK]S ,PATRICK ,:ITE ,TOM ,POPPE ^1,MANUFACTUR+ ^1,SPECIALI/S ,ROD ,DIXON ,&REW ,M\LTON ,DAVID ,MC,GEE ,,AC"KL$GE;TS IV-;V ,SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ! FOLL[+ PR(ES.NALS :O 3TRIBUT$ _! "T & EXP]TISE TO ! FIELD EVALUA;N ( .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET3.' ^1,PAUL ^1,BALDW91 ,SCI;E ,9/RUCTOR1 ,WA%+TON ,/ATE ,S*OOL = ! ,BL1 ,VANC\V]1 ,WA%+TON ^1,PE7Y ^1,B]GMAN1 ,T1*] ( ! ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$1 ,GW9NETT ,C.TY ,S*OOLS1 ,P>KVIEW ,HI< ,S*OOL1 ,LILBURN1 ,GEORGIA ^1,JOHN ^1,DAVIS1 ,SCI;E ,T1*]1 ,M9NESOTA ,/ATE ,ACADEMY = ! ,BL1 ,F>IBAULT1 ,M9NESOTA ^1,JOANNE ^1,DEV9E1 ,VI.N ,SUPPORT ,T1*]1 ,PITTSBUR< ,PUBLIC ,S*OOLS1 ,PITTSBUR<1 ,P5NSYLVANIA ^1,C>OL ^1,HOOV]1 ,T1*] P#E ( ! ,VISUALLY A;V ,IMPAIR$1 ,R.D ,ROCK ,,ISD1 ,R.D ,ROCK1 ,TEXAS ^1,JEFF ^1,KILLEBREW1 ,SCI;E ,T1*]1 ,NEW ,MEXICO ,S*OOL = ! ,BL & ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$1 ,ALAMOGORDO1 ,NEW ,MEXICO ^1,REBE3A ^1,KUHN1 ,T1*] ( ! ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$1 ,T5;SEE ,S*OOL = ! ,BL1 ,NA%VILLE1 ,T5;SEE ----------------------------VI ^1,JONA?AN ^1,MC,COY1 ,*EMI/RY ,T1*]1 ,GW9NETT ,C.TY ,S*OOLS1 ,P>KVIEW ,HI< ,S*OOL1 ,LILBURN1 ,GEORGIA ^1,JAN ^1,MEG>RY1 ,T1*] ( ! ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$1 ,COLORADO ,S*OOL = ! ,D1F & ! ,BL1 ,COLORADO ,SPR+S1 ,COLORADO ,PRODUC;N ( .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' WD N 2 POSSIBLE )\T ! SPECIAL TAL5TS ( AVI _M 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?ANKS TO ^? :O HELP$ ) !RMO=M+1 DIE-CUTT+1 COLLAT+1 BRL TRANSLA;N1 PUR*AS+1 & SUPPORT S]VICES4 P#G ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS VII ,AC"KL$GE;TS """""""""""""" ;V ,9TRODUC;N """""""""""""""" #A ,OV]VIEW ( ,/UDY ,SET ,MAT]IALS """"""""""""""" #C ,BUILD+ A ,P]IODIC ,TABLE """""""""""""""""" #I ,ATOMIC ,MODEL """"""""""" #AC ,ATOMIC ,3FIGURA;NS """""" #AG ,ELECTRON ,DOT ,DIAGRAMS #BA ,COVAL5T ,BONDS """""""""" #BC ,IONIC ,BONDS """""""""""" #BE ,BALANC+ ,*EMICAL ,EQUA;NS """"""""""""""" #BI ,ASSESS;T ,SAMPLE ,"QS """ #CE ,APP5DIX ,A3 ,QK ,REF];E TO ,BRL ,CODE ( ,*EMICAL ,NOTA;N """"""" #CG ,APP5DIX ;,B3 ,SKILLS ,*ECKLI/ """"""""""""""" #DA ,APP5DIX ;,C3 ,B9D] ,/ORAGE ( ,ELE;TS & AVII ,A3ESSORIES """""""""""" #DI ,BIBLIOGRAPHY """""""""""" #GA P#I ,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE #A ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET "<,,NEME? ,V].N"> ,T1*]'S ,GUIDEBOOK ,9TRODUC;N .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' IS DESIGN$ TO MAKE LE>N+ AB ! P]IODIC TABLE ( ! ELE;TS A3ESSIBLE TO /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS & BL;S4 ,! TANGIBLE MAT]IALS 9CLUD$ ) ? /UDY SET COMPLE;T ,,APH'S .7,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELE;TS ,REF];E ,*>T.' & ALL[ /UD5TS TO 5H.E _! "U/&+ ( ! FOLL[+ 3CEPTS3 _4 ,/RUCTURE ( ATOMS _4 ,TRANSF] ( 5]GY _4 ,/RUCTURE & PROP]TIES ( MATT] _4 ,*EMICAL REAC;NS #A _4 ,9T]AC;NS ( 5]GY & A#A MATT] ,? /UDY SET IS 9T5D$ TO COMPLE;T1 N REPLACE1 ! /UD5T'S CURR5T SCI;E CURRICULUM4 ,T1*]S C USE ! TANGIBLE MAT]IALS 9CLUD$ 9 ? /UDY SET TO ASSI/ 9 ! 9/RUC;N & DEMON/RA;N ( 3CEPTS RELAT$ TO ! OV]ALL >RANGE;T ( ! P]IODIC TABLE1 ATOMIC /RUCTURE1 IONIC & COVAL5T BOND+1 & BALANC+ ( *EMICAL EQUA;NS TO /UD5TS :O WD B5EFIT F A H&S-ON1 9T]ACTIVE MODEL4 -------------------------#B-#C ,OV]VIEW ( ,/UDY ,SET ,MAT]IALS .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' IS 9T5D$ TO 2 US$ 9 3JUNC;N ) ! /UD5T'S CURR5T *EMI/RY CURRICULUM4 ,! /UDY SET'S PRIM>Y A#C PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE ! /UD5T ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS & BL;S ) A TANGIBLE M1NS ( "U/&+ *EMI/RY-RELAT$ 3CEPTS TYPICALLY PRES5T$ 9 AN AB/RACT1 VISUAL FA%ION4 ,SPECIAL ATT5;N 0 GIV5 TO MAKE ! MAT]IALS TACTUALLY 4CRIM9ABLE & VISUALLY APP1L+ = ! T>GET POPULA;N1 YET APPROPRIATE = ALL /UD5TS REG>D.S ( VISUAL ACU;Y4 ,9CLUD$ 9 ! /UDY SET >E ! FOLL[+ ITEMS3 "<#A"> ,TRI-FOLD ,BO>D "<#A"> ,H\S+ B9D] TO /ORE ! HEXAGONAL ELE;TS .1,/ORAGE .1,TIP3 ,/ORE ! PIECES 9 ! B9D] 9 A WAY T IS M1N+;L "4 ,REF] TO B#C ^7,APP5DIX ;,C3 ,B9D] ,/ORAGE ( ,ELE;TS & ,A3ESSORIES^' = AN EXAMPLE4 "<#H"> ,B9D] /ORAGE PANELS1 9CLUD+3 "<#G"> #C-HOLE PUN*$ BLACK PANELS "<#A"> #C-HOLE PUN*$1 D\BLE-SID$ BLACK FELT PANEL ,NOTE3 ,! LOOP-COV]$ 9SIDE-BACK COV] ( ! B9D] PROVIDES EXTRA /ORAGE SPACE4 "<#A"> ,TEMPLATE = LOOP-BACK$ CIRCLE PLACE;T ----------------------------#D ^1,ASSEMBLY ^1,9/RUC;NS3 ,USE ! OP5-CIRCLE TEMPLATE TO POSI;N ! LOOP . CIRCLES ON ! FRONT & BACK ( EA* ( ! BLACK PANELS4 ,PLACE ! TEMPLATE ON TOP ( A A#D BLACK PANEL & PLACE A :ITE1 ADHESIVE-BACK$ LOOP CIRCLE 9 EA* OP5+ TO CR1TE ! PROP] SPAC+ TO A3OMMODATE #BJ HEXAGONAL %APES _% (5 ROWS@*4 COLUMNS) _:4 .1,/ORAGE .1,TIP3 ,USE ! D\BLE-SID$ FELT PANEL & ! B9D]'S 9SIDE-BACK COV] TO /ORE ! SMALL] 9T]ACTIVE PIECES "R[S1 PLUS SIGNS1 ETC4"> Z %[N 9 ^1,APP5DIX ^2;,C4 "<#BID"> HEXAGONAL ELE;TS . & POLYATOMIC IONS 9 ! FOLL[+ QUANTITIES3 #E @.<,KEY3 B#D-#E EL ,ELE;T QU ,QUANT;Y@.> _% EL QU EL QU EL QU "33 "33 "33 "3 "33 "3 ;,H #12 ,SC #1 ,NB #1 ,HE #1 ,TI #1 ,MO #1 ,LI #6 ;,V #1 ,TC #1 ,BE #4 ,CR #4 ,RU #1 ;,B #3 ,MN #4 ,RH #1 ;,C #8 ,FE #4 ,PD #1 ;,N #5 ,CO #4 ,AG #3 ;,O #12 ,NI #4 ,CD #1 ;,F #9 ,CU #6 ,IN #1 ,NE #1 ,ZN #2 ,SN #3 ,NA #6 ,GA #2 ,SB #1 ,MG #4 ,GE #2 ,TE #1 ,AL #5 ,AS #3 ;,I #7 ,SI #3 ,SE #3 ,XE #1 ;,P #3 ,BR #7 ,CS #3 ;,S #7 ,KR #1 ,BA #4 ,CL #9 ,RB #3 ,LA #1 ,AR #1 ,SR #4 ,CE #1 ;,K #6 ;,Y #1 ,PR #1 ,CA #4 ,ZR #1 ,ND #1 C#D-#E EL QU EL QU EL QU "33 "3 "33 "3 "33333 "3 ,PM #1 ,BI #1 ,DB "" #1 ,SM #1 ,PO #1 ,SG "" #1 ,EU #1 ,AT #1 ,BH "" #1 ,GD #1 ,RN #1 ,HS "" #1 ,TB #1 ,FR #1 ,MT "" #1 ,DY #1 ,RA #1 ,DS "" #1 ,HO #1 ,AC #1 ,RG "" #1 ,ER #1 ,TH #1 ,CN "" #1 ,TM #1 ,PA #1 ,NH "" #1 ,YB #1 ;,U #1 ,FL "" #1 ,LU #1 ,NP #1 ,MC "" #1 ,HF #1 ,PU #1 ,LV "" #1 ,TA #1 ,AM #1 ,TS "" #1 ;,W #1 ,CM #1 ,OG "" #1 ,RE #1 ,BK #1 ,CL,O3 #4 ,OS #1 ,CF #1 ,C,O3 #4 ,IR #1 ,ES #1 ,N,H4 #4 ,PT #1 ,FM #1 ,N,O3 #4 ,AU #1 ,MD #1 ,O,H #4 ,HG #3 ,NO #1 ,P,O4 #4 ,TL #1 ,LR #1 ,S,O4 #4 ,PB #5 ,RF #1 _: #G #F "<#A"> ;,X HEXAGONAL ASSESS;T PIECE "<#A"> ;,Y HEXAGONAL ASSESS;T PIECE "<#AG"> COE6ICI5T NUMB]S .<,SMALL1 :ITE SQU>E.> "<#CJ"> OXIDA;N NUMB]S &_/OR IONIC *>GES .<,SMALL1 :ITE DIAMOND %APE.> "<#BG"> SUBSCRIPT NUMB]S .<,EL;GAT$1 :ITE DIAMOND %APE.> "<#F"> >R[S "<#AJ"> PLUS SIGNS "<#F"> PAIRS ( P>5!SES "<#B"> ,ATOMIC ,MODELS ,SUBATOMIC PIECES P] ,ATOMIC ,MODEL3 "<#DJ"> ELECTRONS .<:ITE CIRCLE.> "<#AA"> PROTONS "<( ?REE SIZES_/VALUES"> .E.> "<#AA"> NEUTRONS "<( A#F ?REE SIZES_/VALUES"> . ,/ORAGE ,TIP3 ,/ORE ALL RELAT$ SUBATOMIC PIECES ON ! ATOMIC MODEL XF4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,ATOMIC MODEL ) ALL ! 9T]ACTIVE SUBATOMIC PIECES /OR$ DIRECTLY ON ! MODEL1 TO ! "R ( ! R+S4.> ----------------------------#G ,! COLOR & TACTILE COD+ ( ! HEXAGONAL PIECES >E 9T5D$ TO ASSI/ ) ID5TIFICA;N & CATEGORIZA;N4 ,! FOLL[+ *>T 9DICATES ! COLOR & TACTILE ASSIGN;TS3 #I @.<,COLUMNS FOLL[ A#G "O ANO!R 9 ? ORD]3 ,COLOR3 ,TACTILE ,SYMBOL2 ,CLASSIFICA;N4@.> ,PURPLE3 ,RAIS$ S+LE BUMP2 ,NONMETAL4 ,YELL[3 ,RAIS$ HORIZONTAL L9E2 ,METAL4 ,GRE53 ,RAIS$ \TL9E CIRCLE2 ,METALLOID4 ,:ITE3 ,RAIS$ V]TICAL L9E2 ,REC5TLY 4COV]$4 ,R$3 ,RAIS$ ;,V-%APE2 ,POLYATOMIC IONS4 ,BLACK3 ,RAIS$ \TL9E SQU>E2 ,ASSES;T4 ,! COLOR ASSIGN;TS CORRESPOND TO ^? US$ ON ,,APH'S .7,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELE;TS ,REF];E ,*>T4.' ,BUILD+ A #H-#I ,P]IODIC ,TABLE .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' 9CLUDES A M9IMUM ( "O HEXAGONAL PIECE = EA* ( ! ELE;TS 9 ! P]IODIC TABLE4 ,Y C USE ^! HOOK-BACK$ PIECES ) ! TRI-FOLD BO>D "<9CLUD$ 9 ! /UDY SET"> TO 3/RUCT ! 5TIRE P]IODIC TABLE ( ! ELE;TS4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! COMPLETE SETUP ( ! 5TIRE P]IODIC TABLE US+ ! /UDY KIT'S 9T]ACTIVE HEXAGONS M.T$ ON ! TRI-FOLD BO>D4.> ---------------------------#AJ ,? 9T]ACTIVE /UDY AID IS DESIGN$ TO COMPLE;T ,,APH'S .7,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELE;TS ,REF];E ,*>T.' "ATELY">4 ,! COLORS ( ! HEXAGONAL PIECES 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC #AA ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' A#AJ COORD9ATE ) ! REF];E *>T'S ELE;T COLORS4 ,9 ADDI;N1 ! 9T]ACTIVE V].N PROVIDES TACTILE 9DICATORS ON ! ELE;T PIECES1 DESIGNAT+ EA* Z A METAL "">1 NONMETAL "1 METALLOID "1 OR REC5TLY 4COV]$ "">4 .<,PHOTO %[S ,,APH'S .7,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELE;TS ,REF];E ,*>T.' T IS AVAILABLE = SEP>ATE PUR*ASE4.> ---------------------------#AA ,USE ! MAT]IALS 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' TO FAMILI>IZE ! /UD5T ) ! P]IODIC TABLE & ASSESS H] K ( XS ORGANIZA;N4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ASK ! /UD5T TO 4PLAY J ! NOBLE GASES &_/OR ! ALKAL9E E>? METALS4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N A#AA %[S A V]TICAL LI/+ ( ! ,ALKAL9E ,E>? ,METALS1 9CLUD+ ,BE1 ,MG1 ,CA1 ,SR1 ,BA1 & ,RA4.> .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S A V]TICAL LI/+ ( ! ,NOBLE ,GASES1 9CLUD+ ,HE1 ,NE1 ,AR1 ,KR1 ,XE1 & ,RN4.> ---------------------------#AB ,BY 3/RUCT+ ! 5TIRE P]IODIC TABLE ON ! TRI-FOLD BO>D1 /UD5TS C LE>N H[ ! ELE;TS >E >RANG$ 9 ORD] ( 9CR1S+ ATOMIC NUMB]4 ,! P]IODIC TABLE 4PLAY$ 9 ? MANN] DEMON/RATES A NUMB] ( O!R 3CEPTS4 ,! V]TICAL COLUMNS ( ELE;TS1 OR GR\PS1 3SI/ ( ELE;TS ^: ATOMS H ! SAME NUMB] ( \T] %ELL VAL;E ELECTRONS & ?US %>E SIMIL> *EMICAL PROP]TIES4 ,! HORIZONTAL R[S ( ELE;TS1 OR P]IODS1 9CLUDE ELE;TS ^: ATOMS POSSESS ! SAME NUMB] ( #AC ELECTRON %ELLS4 ,GR\PS A#AB & P]IODS %[ PR$ICTABLE TR5DS 9 ATOMIC RADIUS1 IONIZA;N 5]GY1 & ELECTRONEGATIV;Y1 A3.T+ = ! "N ( ! P]IODIC TABLE4 ,NOTE T ! COMPLETE P]IODIC TABLE >RANG$ ON ! TRI-FOLD BO>D IS AN APPROPRIATE DEMON/RA;N TOOL = ALL /UD5TS1 REG>D.S ( VISUAL ACU;Y4 ---------------------------#AC ,ATOMIC ,MODEL .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' 9CLUDES AN ,ATOMIC ,MODEL T IS DESIGN$ TO 9TRODUCE ATOMIC /RUCTURE TO /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS & BL;S4 ,? MODEL C1 ( C\RSE1 2 US$ Z A LE>N+ TOOL ) ANY /UD5T1 REG>D.S ( VISUAL ACU;Y4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S A S+LE ,ATOMIC ,MODEL ) 9T]ACTIVE SUBATOMIC A#AC PIECES " /OR$ DIRECTLY ON ! MODEL4.> ,! 9T]ACTIVE ,ATOMIC ,MODEL . C 2 US$ TO ASSI/ ! /UD5T 9 ! FOLL[+3 #A"> ,"U/&+ ATOMIC /RUCTURE & ID5TIFY+ PROTONS1 ELECTRONS1 & NEUTRONS #B"> ,"U/&+ ! M1N+S ( ATOMIC NUMB] & MASS NUMB] #C"> ,MAK+ MODELS ( ATOMS & _! ISOTOPES #D"> ,>RANG+ ELECTRONS 9 5]GY LEVELS TO DET]M9E ! ELECTRON 3FIGURA;N ( A "PICUL> ATOM & US+ ? TO3 ---------------------------#AD _4 ,LOCATE ! ELE;T 9 ! P]IODIC TABLE _4 ,ID5TIFY VAL;E #AE ELECTRONS A#AD _4 ,DET]M9E :E!R ! ELE;T IS A METAL OR NONMETAL _4 ,DET]M9E ! OXIDA;N NUMB] ( AN ELE;T _4 ,DEMON/RATE H[ ELE;TS COMB9E *EMICALLY VIA IONIC OR COVAL5T BOND+ ,GIV5 ! ATOMIC NUMB]S & MASS NUMB]S ( SELECT$ ATOMS1 /UD5TS C PRACTICE BUILD+ ATOMIC MODELS4 ,/UD5TS C USE ! MODEL TO DEMON/RATE ! GA9 OR LOSS ( ELECTRONS :5 ATOMS ( DI6]5T ELE;TS =M IONIC BONDS4 ,COVAL5T BONDS1 OR %>+ ( ELECTRONS 2T TWO NONMETAL ATOMS1 >E AL EASILY DEMON/RAT$4 ,US+ ! POSITIVE & NEGATIVE NUMB]S 9CLUD$ ) ! /UDY KIT1 ! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL C AL 2 US$ TO 9TRODUCE ! 3CEPT ( OXIDA;N NUMB]4 ,! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL B#AD 9CLUD$ 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' SIMULATES ! ,BOHR ,MODEL4 ,NIELS ,BOHR1 A ,DANI% SCI5TI/1 PROPOS$ T ! ELECTRONS 9 AN ATOM >E F.D 9 DI6]5T 5]GY LEVELS & T EA* 5]GY LEVEL IS AT A C]TA9 4T.E F ! NUCLEUS4 ,KEEP 9 M9D T ? MODEL POSES ! FOLL[+ LIMITA;NS T %D 2 EXPLA9$ TO ! /UD5T1 "NLY3 ---------------------------#AE _4 ,! RATIO ( ! SIZE ( ! NUCLEUS TO ! SIZE ( AN ATOM 9 ! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL DOES N REPRES5T ! TRUE RATIO 9 ACTUAL ATOMS4 _4 ,5]GY LEVELS >E >1S ": ! ELECTRONS >E MO/ LIKELY TO EXI/4 ,!Y >E N PREEXI/+ PHYSICAL LOCA;NS = ELECTRONS Z ! R+ /RUCTURE SU7E/S4 ,AC TO ! 8,MOD]N ,MODEL10 #AG ! LOCA;N ( ! A#AE ELECTRONS 9 AN ATOM _C 2 "KN4 ,! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL 9CLUDES 9T]ACTIVE1 TEXTUR$ PIECES T REPRES5T ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 & NEUTRONS4 ,! KIT 9CLUDES 5 PIECES TO ALL[ ! /UD5T TO BUILD & /UDY ! ATOMIC /RUCTURES ( ! F/ #CF ELE;TS 9 ! P]IODIC TABLE,-F ,HYDROG5 "<9 ,P]IOD #A"> "? ,KRYPTON "<9 ,P]IOD #D">4 ,! SMOO?1 :ITE CIRCLES REPRES5T ELECTRONS1 ! SQU>E PIECES PROTONS1 & ! TRIANGUL> PIECES NEUTRONS4 ,?REE DI6]5T SIZES ( PROTONS & NEUTRONS >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! /UDY KIT4 ,! L>GE/ ( EA* %APE REPRES5TS #AJ "1 ! M$IUM SIZE ( EA* %APE REPRES5TS #E "1 & ! B#AE SMALLE/ ( EA* %APE REPRES5TS A S+LE PROTON _1OR NEUTRON4 ,2L IS A KEY 9DICAT+ ^! VALUES3 ---------------------------#AF ,,ELECTRONS ,:ITE CIRCLE REPRES5TS #A ELECTRON4 ,,PROTONS ,L>GE1 BUMPY SQU>E REPRES5TS #AJ PROTONS4 ,M$IUM-SIZ$1 R\< SQU>E REPRES5TS #E PROTONS4 ,SMALL1 SMOO? SQU>E REPRES5TS A S+LE PROTON4 ,,NEUTRONS ,L>GE1 BUMPY TRIANGLE REPRES5TS #AJ NEUTRONS4 ,M$IUM-SIZ$1 R\< TRIANGLE REPRES5TS #E NEUTRONS4 ,SMALL1 SMOO? TRIANGLE REPRES5TS A S+LE #AI NEUTRON4 A#AF ---------------------------#AG ,ATOMIC ,3FIGURA;NS ,! FOLL[+ >E DEMON/RA;NS ( ! ATOMIC 3FIGURA;N ( V>I\S ELE;TS US+ ! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL 9CLUD$ 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET3.' ,HYDROG5 ,PROTONS3 #A ,NEUTRONS3 #J ,ELECTRONS3 #A .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A HYDROG5 ATOM4 ,"O SMALL SQU>E APPE>S 9 ! C5T] ( ! NUCLEUS4 ,"O CIRCLE APPE>S ON ! 9N]MO/ R+4.> ,HELIUM ,PROTONS3 #B ,NEUTRONS3 #B ,ELECTRONS3 #B .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N A#AG %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A HELIUM ATOM4 ,TWO SMALL SQU>ES & TWO SMALL TRIANGLES APPE> 9 ! C5T] ( ! NUCLEUS4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+4.> ,LI?IUM ,PROTONS3 #C ,NEUTRONS3 #D ,ELECTRONS3 #C .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A LI?IUM ATOM4 ,?REE SMALL SQU>ES & F\R SMALL TRIANGLES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 "O CIRCLE APPE>S ON ! SECOND R+4.> ,C>BON ,PROTONS3 #F ,NEUTRONS3 #F ,ELECTRONS3 #F .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A #BA C>BON ATOM4 ,"O B#AG M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & "O SMALL SQU>E APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLE & "O SMALL TRIANGLE4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & F\R CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4.> ---------------------------#AH ,NITROG5 ,PROTONS3 #G ,NEUTRONS3 #G ,ELECTRONS3 #G .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A NITROG5 ATOM4 ,"O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & TWO SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLE & TWO SMALL TRIANGLES4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & FIVE CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4.> ,OXYG5 A#AH ,PROTONS3 #H ,NEUTRONS3 #H ,ELECTRONS3 #H .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( AN OXYG5 ATOM4 ,"O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & ?REE SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLE & ?REE SMALL TRIANGLES4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & SIX CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4.> ,FLUOR9E ,PROTONS3 #I ,NEUTRONS3 #AJ ,ELECTRONS3 #I .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A FLUOR9E ATOM4 ,"O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & F\R SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O L>GE TRIANGLE4 ,TWO #BC CIRCLES APPE> ON ! B#AH 9N]MO/ R+1 & SEV5 CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4.> ,NEON ,PROTONS3 #AJ ,NEUTRONS3 #AJ ,ELECTRONS3 #AJ .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A NEON ATOM4 ,"O L>GE SQU>E & "O L>GE TRIANGLE APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & EI ON ! SECOND R+4.> ---------------------------#AI ,MAGNESIUM ,PROTONS3 #AB ,NEUTRONS3 #AB ,ELECTRONS3 #AB .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A MAGNESIUM ATOM4 ,"O L>GE SQU>E & TWO SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O L>GE TRIANGLE A#AI & TWO SMALL TRIANGLES4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 EI ON ! SECOND R+2 & TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! ?IRD R+4.> ,POTASSIUM ,PROTONS3 #AI ,NEUTRONS3 #BJ ,ELECTRONS3 #AI .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A POTASSIUM ATOM4 ,"O L>GE SQU>E1 "O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E1 & F\R SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) TWO L>GE TRIANGLES4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 EI ON ! SECOND R+2 EI ON ! ?IRD R+2 & "O CIRCLE APPE>S ON ! \T]MO/ R+4.> #BE ,NICKEL B#AI ,PROTONS3 #BH ,NEUTRONS3 #CA ,ELECTRONS3 #BH .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A NICKEL ATOM4 ,TWO L>GE SQU>ES1 "O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E1 & ?REE SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) TWO L>GE TRIANGLES1 TWO M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLES1 & "O SMALL TRIANGLE4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 EI ON ! SECOND R+2 SIXTE5 CIRCLES APPE> ON ! ?IRD R+2 & TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! \T]MO/ R+4.> ,Z9C ,PROTONS3 #CJ ,NEUTRONS3 #CE ,ELECTRONS3 #CJ .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A Z9C ATOM4 ,TWO L>GE C#AI SQU>ES & TWO M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) TWO L>GE TRIANGLES & ?REE M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLES4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 EI ON ! SECOND R+2 EI ON ! ?IRD R+2 & TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! \T]MO/ R+4.> -----------------------#BJ-#BA ,ELECTRON ,DOT ,DIAGRAMS .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' PROVIDES A WAY TO ILLU/RATE ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS4 ,AN ^7ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM^' IS A SIMPLE WAY TO DEPICT AN ATOM'S VAL;E ELECTRONS & DEMON/RATE XS BOND+ 2HAVIOR4 #BG ,2G9 BY 3/RUCT+ ! A#BA ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A "PICUL> ELE;T ) ! ,ATOMIC ,MODEL4 ,!N SET UP AN ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ON ! TRI-FOLD BO>D1 9CLUD+ ONLY ! ATOM'S \T]MO/1 HIBON .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A C>BON ATOM4 ,"O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & "O SMALL SQU>E APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O M$IUM-SIZ$ TRIANGLE & "O SMALL TRIANGLE4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & F\R CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4 ,AN >R[ PO9TS F ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A C>BON ATOM TO AN ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( C>BON4 ,! ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( C>BON IS %[N ) A B#BA HEXAGON ( C>BON SURR.D$ BY F\R ELECTRONS "<:ITE CIRCLES">,-"O ABV1 "O 2L1 "O TO ! "R1 & "O TO ! LEFT4.> ---------------------------#BB ,EXAMPLE #B3 ,FLUOR9E .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A FLUOR9E ATOM4 ,"O M$IUM-SIZ$ SQU>E & F\R SMALL SQU>ES APPE> 9SIDE ! NUCLEUS AL;G ) "O L>GE TRIANGLE4 ,TWO CIRCLES APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+1 & SEV5 CIRCLES APPE> ON ! SECOND R+4 ,AN >R[ PO9TS F ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A FLUOR9E ATOM TO AN ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( FLUOR9E4 ,! ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( FLUOR9E IS %[N ) A HEXAGON ( FLUOR9E #BI SURR.D$ BY SEV5 A#BB ELECTRONS "<:ITE CIRCLES"> TWO ABV,-TWO 2L1 "O TO ! "R1 & TWO TO ! LEFT4.> ,! GR\P TO : AN ELE;T 2L;GS 9DICATES ! NUMB] ( VAL;E ELECTRONS X POSSESSES1 Z %[N 9 ! *>T 2L3 @.<,COLUMNS FOLL[ B#BB "O ANO!R 9 ? ORD]3 ,GR\P3 ,ELE;TS2 ,NUMB] ( ,VAL;E ,ELECTRONS4@.> ,,IA3 ;,H1 ,LI1 ,NA1 ;,K1 ,RB1 ,CS1 ;,FR2 #A4 ,,IIA3 ,BE1 ,MG1 ,CA1 ,SR1 ,BA1 ,RA2 #B4 ,,IIIA3 ;,B1 ;,AL1 ,GA1 ,IN1 ,TL1 ,NH2 #C4 ,,IVA3 ;,C1 ,SI1 ,GE1 ,SN1 ,RB1 ,FL2 #D4 ,,VA3 ;,N1 ;,P1 ,AS1 ,SB1 ,BI1 ,MC2 #E4 ,,VIA3 ,O1 ;,S1 ,SE1 ,TE1 ,PO1 ,LV2 #F4 ,,VIIA3 ;,F1 ,CL1 ,BR1 ,I1 ,AT1 ,TS2 #G4 ,,VIIIA3 ,HE1 ,NE1 ,AR1 ,KR1 ,XE1 ,RN1 ,OG2 #H4 #CA ,COVAL5T ,BONDS #BC ,! MAT]IALS PROVID$ 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' C 2 US$ TO ILLU/RATE COVAL5T BONDS1 T IS1 :5 ATOMS BOND BY %>+ ELECTRONS4 ,EXAMPLE #A3 ,COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS ,! ILLU/RA;N 2L %[S COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS4 ,:5 ! TWO ATOMS ( HYDROG5 COMB9E1 ! PAIR ( ELECTRONS W 2 %>$ BY BO? HYDROG5 ATOMS1 MAK+ BO? ( _! \T] 5]GY LEVELS COMPLETE4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS SET UP ON ! ,ATOMIC ,MODELS SEP>AT$ BY A PLUS SIGN4.> .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS ( TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS T BOND Z %[N BY TWO HYDROG5 HEXAGONS %>+ TWO A#BC ELECTRONS " 2T !M4.> ---------------------------#BD ,EXAMPLE #B3 ,COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO *LOR9E ATOMS ,! ILLU/RA;N 2L %[S ! COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO *LOR9E ATOMS4 ,S9CE ! TWO ATOMS %>E A PAIR ( ELECTRONS1 EA* ATOM1 AT "O "T OR ANO!R1 HAS XS \T] 5]GY LEVEL COMPLETE4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S TWO *LOR9E ATOMS SET UP ON ! ,ATOMIC ,MODELS SEP>AT$ BY A PLUS SIGN4.> .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS ( TWO *LOR9E ATOMS "AT$ BY A PLUS SIGN"> ) AN >R[ PO9T+ TO ! %>+ ( TWO ELECTRONS 2T !M4.> #CC ,EXAMPLE #C3 A#BD ,COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS ) AN OXYG5 ATOM .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! COVAL5T BOND+ ( TWO HYDROG5 ATOMS ) AN OXYG5 ATOM : >E SET UP Z ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS SEP>AT$ BY PLUS SIGNS ) AN >R[ PO9T+ TO ! ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( WAT] & %>$ PAIRS ( ELECTRONS4.> ---------------------------#BE ,IONIC ,BONDS ,! MAT]IALS PROVID$ 9 .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' C 2 US$ TO ILLU/RATE AN IONIC BOND1 T IS1 :5 A BOND IS =M$ BY ! ATTRAC;N ( POSITIVELY *>G$ IONS TO NEGATIVELY *>G$ IONS4 ,EXAMPLE #A3 ,IONIC A#BE BOND+ ( SODIUM & *LOR9E TO =M TABLE SALT " ,! SODIUM ATOM GIVES UP "O ELECTRON TO ! *LOR9E ATOM4 ,SODIUM'S \T]MO/ 5]GY LEVEL N[ HAS EI GIVES UP AN ELECTRON TO A *LOR9E ATOM "<4PLAY$ ON AN ,ATOMIC ,MODEL">4.> #CE ,RESULT3 #BF ,*LOR9E A3EPTS ELECTRON F SODIUM ATOM TO =M ,NA,CL .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S A *LOR9E ATOM " A3EPT+ AN ELECTRON F A SODIUM ATOM "4.> .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! IONIC BOND+ ( SODIUM & *LOR9E ATOMS SET UP Z ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS4 ,:5 ! *LOR9E ATOM A3EPTS ! ELECTRON F ! SODIUM ATOM1 X 2COMES NEGATIVELY *>G$2 ! SODIUM ATOM 2COMES POSITIVELY *>G$4.> ,EXAMPLE #B3 ,IONIC BOND 2T MAGNESIUM & OXYG5 ATOM .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! IONIC BOND+ ( "O MAGNESIUM & "O OXYG5 ATOM SET UP Z ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS4 ,:5 ! OXYG5 ATOM A3EPTS A#BF TWO ELECTRONS F ! MAGNESIUM ATOM1 X 2COMES NEGATIVELY *>G$ _% (-2) _:2 ! MAGNESIUM ATOM IS !N POSITIVELY *>G$ _% (+2) _:4.> ---------------------------#BG ,! MAGNESIUM ATOM GIVES UP XS TWO \T]MO/ ELECTRONS1 : COMPLETE ! OXYG5 ATOM'S \T]MO/ 5]GY LEVEL ) EI1 IS =M$4 ,EXAMPLE #C3 ,IONIC BOND 2T CALCIUM & *LOR9E ATOMS .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! IONIC BOND 2T "O CALCIUM ATOM & TWO *LOR9E ATOMS "4 ,:5 EA* *LOR9E ATOM A3EPTS "O ELECTRON F ! CALCIUM ATOM1 !Y 2COME NEGATIVELY *>G$2 ! #CG CALCIUM ATOM !N A#BG 2COMES POSITIVELY *>G$ _% (+2) _:4.> ,! CALCIUM ATOM GIVES UP ! TWO ELECTRONS 9 XS \T]MO/ 5]GY LEVEL1 "O TO EA* *LOR9E ATOM4 ,! *LOR9E ATOMS' \T]MO/ 5]GY LEVELS >E N[ COMPLETE4 ,CALCIUM *LORIDE _% (,CA,CL2) _: RESULTS4 -----------------------#BH-#BI ,BALANC+ ,*EMICAL ,EQUA;NS .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' IS ID1L = DEMON/RAT+ ! /EPS 9VOLV$ 9 BALANC+ A *EMICAL EQUA;N4 ,2L >E A FEW EXAMPLES ( H[ ! /UDY SET MAT]IALS C 2 US$ = ? PURPOSE4 ,KEEP 9 M9D T ONCE ! BRL R1D] 2COMES COM=TABLE BALANC+ EQUA;NS ) ! MOVABLE HOOK-BACK$ PIECES1 HE %D 2 TAU ---------------------------#CJ .1,/EP .1#B3 ,! HYDROG5 ATOMS >E BAL.ED1 B ! OXYG5 ATOMS >E N4 ,PLACE ! COE6ICI5T #B 2F ! WAT] MOLECULE ON ! "R SIDE ( ! EQUA;N TO BAL.E OXYG54 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #B US+ ! #CI 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F A#CJ ! /UDY KIT4.> .1,/EP .1#C3 ,PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #B ON ! "R CAUS$ HYDROG5 TO 2COME UNBAL.ED4 ,BAL.E HYDROG5 BY PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #B 9 FRONT ( _% ,H2 _: ON ! LEFT SIDE ( ! EQUA;N4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #C US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> ,! EQUA;N IS N[ BAL.ED4 ---------------------------#CA ,EXAMPLE #B3 .1,/EP .1#A3 ,DET]M9E T ! EQUA;N IS UNBAL.ED4 ,! NUMB] ( HYDROG5 ATOMS IS N EQUAL ON EA* SIDE ( ! EQUA;N4 _% ,NA+,H2,O $O ,NA,O,H+,H2 _: .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #A US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> .1,/EP .1#B3 ,BAL.E ! A#CA HYDROG5 & OXYG5 ATOMS ON BO? SIDES ( ! EQUA;N BY PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #B 2F ! WAT] MOLECULE ON ! LEFT SIDE ( ! EQUA;N & ! COE6ICI5T #B 2F ,NA,O,H ON ! "R SIDE4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #B US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> ---------------------------#CB .1,/EP .1#C3 ,F9I% BALANC+ ! EQUA;N BY ADD+ ! COE6ICI5T #B 2F ! SODIUM ATOM ON ! LEFT SIDE ( ! EQUA;N4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #C US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> ,! EQUA;N IS N[ BAL.ED4 ,EXAMPLE #C3 .1,/EP .1#A3 ,DET]M9E T ! EQUA;N IS UNBAL.ED4 ,! NUMB] ( ATOMS ( ALL ELE;TS IS UNEQUAL ON EA* SIDE ( #DA ! EQUA;N4 A#CB _% ,C,O2+,H2,O $O ,C6,H12,O6+,O2 _: .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #A US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> .1,/EP .1#B3 ,BAL.E ! C>BON ATOMS BY PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #F 9 FRONT ( ! _% ,C,O2 _: ON ! LEFT SIDE ( ! EQUA;N4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #B US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> ---------------------------#CC .1,/EP .1#C3 ,BAL.E ! OXYG5 ATOMS BY PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #F 9 FRONT ( ! _% ,O2 _: ON ! "R SIDE ( ! EQUA;N4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ,/EP #C US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> .1,/EP .1#D3 ,BAL.E ! HYDROG5 ATOMS BY PLAC+ ! COE6ICI5T #F 2F ! WAT] MOLECULE ON ! LEFT SIDE4 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N A#CC %[S ,/EP #D US+ ! 9T]ACTIVE PIECES F ! /UDY KIT4.> ,! EQUA;N IS N[ BAL.ED4 ---------------------------#CE ,ASSESS;T ,SAMPLE ,"QS .7,AZ]'S ,9T]ACTIVE ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ,/UDY ,SET.' 9CLUDES TWO HEXAGONAL PIECES,-;,X & ;,Y,-: C 2 US$ Z UN"KNS TO TE/ /UD5TS AB 3CEPTS ALR PRES5T$4 ,EXAMPLE ,A3 ,PRES5T ! FOLL[+3 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S ! ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( 8;,X40 ,TWO CIRCLES " APPE> ON ! 9N]MO/ R+2 EI APPE> ON ! SECOND R+2 & SEV5 CIRCLES " APPE> ON ! ?IRD #DC R+4.> A#CE ,"QS TO ASK ! /UD5T3 #A4 ,H[ _M ELECTRONS >E 9 AN ATOM ( ELE;T ;,X8 #B4 ,H[ _M ELECTRONS >E 9 ! F/ 5]GY LEVEL ( AN ATOM ( ELE;T ;,X8 #C4 ,H[ _M PROTONS >E 9 AN ATOM ( ELE;T ;,X8 #D4 ,IF "! >E #AH NEUTRONS 9 AN ATOM ( ELE;T ;,X1 :AT IS ! MASS NUMB] ( AN ATOM ( ELE;T ;,X8 #E4 ,ID5TIFY ! ELE;T ON ! P]IODIC TABLE4 ---------------------------#CF ,EXAMPLE ;,B3 ,PRES5T ! FOLL[+3 .<,PR9T ILLU/RA;N %[S "O ,ATOMIC ,MODEL ) ! ;,X-,ASSESS;T HEXAGON 9 ! C5T] ( ! NUCLEUS NEXT TO ANO!R ,ATOMIC ,MODEL ) ! ;,Y-,ASSESS;T A#CF HEXAGON 9 ! C5T] ( ! NUCLEUS4.> ,"QS TO ASK ! /UD5T3 ,IF ;,X HAS AN ATOMIC NUMB] ( #AB & ;,Y HAS AN ATOMIC NUMB] ( #AE444 #A4 ,:AT >E ! ELECTRON 3FIGURA;NS ( ;,X & ;,Y8 #B4 ,:AT >E ! OXIDA;N NUMB]S ( ;,X & ;,Y8 #C4 ,C Y ID5TIFY & LOCATE ;,X & ;,Y ON ! P]IODIC TABLE8 #D4 ,:AT COMP.D RESULTS F ! BOND+ ( ;,X & ;,Y8 #E4 ,:AT K9D ( BOND WD O3UR,-IONIC OR COVAL5T8 #DE ,APP5DIX #CG-#CI ,A ,QK ,REF];E TO ,BRL ,CODE ( ,*EMICAL ,NOTA;N _% ? *,CL? ? ,NA+,CL $O ,NA^+",CL^- _: ---------------------------#DJ _% ,CA3(,P,O4);2"+2,H2,S,O4 $O ,CA(,H2,P,O4);2" +2,CA,S,O4 _: .<,NOTICE T ! SUP]SCRIPT 9DICATOR IS MADE US+ BRL DOTS #E-#F1 #B-#C4 ,! BASEL9E 9DICATOR1 5D+ SUP]SCRIPT & SUBSCRIPT TEXT1 IS MADE US+ DOT #E4.> ,= A COMPLETE LI/+ ( ! A#DJ SPECIAL SYMBOLS & RULES US$ 9 ! .7,BRL ,CODE = ,*EMI/RY ,NOTA;N.' "<#AIIG">1 VISIT3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4BRL4ORG_/*EMI/RY" _/RULE#JB4;HTML #DG ,APP5DIX #DA-#DC ;,B ,SKILLS ,*ECKLI/ ,/UD5T'S "N3 .- ,9/RUCTOR'S "N3 .- ^1,DIREC;NS3 ,USE ! FOLL[+ RAT+ SCALE TO 9DICATE ! /UD5T'S CURR5T LEVEL ( "U/&+ ( EA* SKILL_/CONCEPT3 #A - ,2G9N+ LEVEL ( P]=M.E #B - ,DEVELOP+ LEVEL ( P]=M.E #C - ,MA/]$_/,A3OMPLI%$ LEVEL ( P]=M.E ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 A#DC ,>RANGE ELE;T CATEGORIES " ON ! FELT BO>D4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- #DI ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 #DD ,4T+UI% 2T METAL & NONMETAL ELE;TS3 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 A#DD ,ID5TIFY ELE;TS ON ! P]IODIC TABLE T >E CLASSIFI$ )9 LAN?ANIDE & ACT9IDE S]IES4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- #EA ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 B#DD ,4T+UI% 2T NATURALLY O3URR+ & HUMAN-MADE ELE;TS ON ! P]IODIC TABLE4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 #DE ,4T+UI% 2T RADIOACTIVE & NONRADIOACTIVE ELE;TS ON ! P]IODIC TABLE4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- #EC ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 A#DE ,ID5TIFY ! LOCA;N ( SUBATOMIC "PICLES 9 AN ATOM4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 B#DE ,>RANGE ELECTRONS 9 5]GY LEVELS TO DET]M9E ELECTRON 3FIGURA;NS4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- #EE ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILLS3 #DF ,DET]M9E OXIDA;N NUMB] ( AN ELE;T4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 A#DF ,ID5TIFY AN ELE;T'S VAL;E ELECTRONS4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- #EG ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 B#DF ,BUILD AN ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM ( A SELECT$ ELE;T4 ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,DATE3 .- ,RAT+3 .- ,COM;TS3 .- ,OBJECTIVE_/,SKILL3 #DG ,DEMON/RATE H[ ELE;TS COMB9E "? 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