January 26, 2026

Premier Yard Care Services in Philly: Professional Tips for Year-Round Yard Upkeep

Philadelphia grass have actually a character formed by clay-heavy soils, humid summers, and winters months that swing from sloppy to severe. If you've ever enjoyed an uneven backyard cheer up after a well-timed oygenation or seen cool-season grass collapse under July heat, you recognize the city's peculiarities require both preparation and dexterity. The best lawn treatment solutions in Philadelphia deal with those truths, not versus them. They time improvements around soil temperatures, readjust cutting heights as summertime clears up in, and take care of the untidy happy medium where grass treatment fulfills metropolitan landscaping.

This guide blends practical, season-by-season maintenance advice with understanding on choosing the best yard treatment firm in Philly. I'll likewise outline what divides top-tier service providers from the rest, based on years of walking properties, fixing irrigation, and making note on what in fact flourishes here.

What makes Philly grass unique

The region's dominant grass types are cool-season lawns, normally high fescue with some Kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye mixed in. Tall fescue is the workhorse for city and suv properties, many thanks to its heat tolerance, deep rooting, and boosted drought resistance compared to bluegrass. Philly's mid-Atlantic climate implies rapid spring growth, anxiety in peak summer, a solid loss healing window, and an inactive or semi-dormant winter.

Soils usually lean clay loam, which condenses conveniently and holds water. That can be a true blessing during droughts however a migraine during stormy stretches, when roots asphyxiate. Numerous rowhome grass rest over building backfill with bad raw material. Lawn battles there without oygenation, compost topdressing, and mindful watering.

We additionally contend with thick tree covers in neighborhoods like Chestnut Hillside and West Philly. Shade is the silent grass awesome, and the very best landscaping company in Philly will certainly tell you the reality: yard requires a minimum of 4 hours of filtered light to look respectable long-term. In deep shade, groundcovers or mulch beds outperform grass, both visually and financially.

How to choose a grass care firm in Philadelphia

A great yard care business in Philadelphia does more than cut and blow. They build a plan around your microclimate, soil, and usage. Below is what I search for when examining suppliers:

Experience with cool-season turf and clay soils. Ask how they deal with compaction, which oygenation devices they utilize, and whether they recommend slit seeding in fall.

Soil-first strategy. Top-rated groups press soil screening every two to three years, readjust pH with lime or sulfur as needed, and make use of slow-release nitrogen to minimize surge growth.

Transparent, seasonal programs. Philadelphia lawns take advantage of six to 8 solution touchpoints per year. Clear timetables assist you prepare, specifically for seeding and pre-emergent windows.

Practical watering support. A lot of city residential or commercial properties depend on pipes and sprinklers. An experienced crew helps establish practical sprinkling schedules without overselling watering systems where they're not needed.

Pest and weed control with judgment. Crabgrass, nutsedge, and wild violet prevail here. Grubs turn up after damp springs. Look for carriers that prefer targeted therapy, not blanket spraying.

There's additionally the human factor. The very best business connect very early concerning weather condition delays, leave notes after each visit, and discuss compromises plainly. If your color degree or soil account makes a picture-perfect yard unrealistic, a trustworthy crew will change your plan towards landscaping services Philadelphia residents use to complement lawn, like expanded beds or native plant borders.

The seasonal rhythm that works in Philadelphia

An excellent yard in this city is the product of excellent timing. The calendar matters, however dirt and air temperatures matter more. Here is how I map the year.

Late winter months right into early springtime: wake-up and prevention

Once snow mold and mildew recedes and the soil is strong sufficient to function, I begin with a quick clean-up. Mow high to remove off wintertime's ragged ends. Rake out matted locations lightly, not boldy, to prevent uprooting tender crowns.

This is the window for pre-emergent herbicides to quit crabgrass. Go for when dirt temperature levels struck roughly 55 levels for numerous days. That usually lands anywhere from late March to mid April, relying on the year. If you intend to seed bare areas in springtime, miss pre-emergent in that area or utilize a product identified for brand-new seed.

On soils that tested acidic, late winter season or early spring is a clever time for lime. Many Philly grass sit in between pH 5.5 and 6.3. Cool-season yards prefer 6.2 to 7.0. Don't think. Lime without an examination and you can lock up nutrients for many years. A leading grass treatment firm in Philadelphia will schedule dirt screening in advance and spread out the adjustment over several applications rather than disposing a heavy dosage in one pass.

Mowing begins once more as growth resumes. Set the deck at 3 to 3.5 inches for fescue. This greater cut shades soil, reduces dissipation, and dissuades weeds. Hone the blade. Boring blades tear yard, which raises condition threat in our damp springs.

Late spring into very early summertime: handle development, plan for stress

This is the season of quick development and unforeseen tornados. Tall fescue responds well to a light feeding with slow-release nitrogen, usually 0.5 to 0.75 extra pounds of real nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Push it more challenging and you build rich development that battles when heat gets here. I 'd rather leave area for a more powerful autumn feeding, when the plant can bank power in roots.

Weed stress climbs now. Dandelions are easy marks with careful herbicides or a sharp weeder after rainfall. Ground ivy and wild violet are harder. Cautious, targeted therapies work best. Blanket splashing the whole yard wastes item and can blister tender spring growth.

If grubs were a problem in 2014, talk to your provider about preventative therapies based on monitoring, not practice. Not every yard requires it, and beneficial pests suffer when you spray preventively without cause.

Irrigation, if you have it, need to supplement rain, not replace it. Early summer season can be feast or famine. Go for an inch of water each week incorporated, readjusting for rainfall. Deep, occasional watering is the policy. Turf that obtains a daily splash trains origins towards the surface area and burns out much faster in July.

High summer: shield and conserve

Philadelphia summers are damp, and warmth breaks will certainly check your lawn. This is when you change strategies. Elevate trimming elevation to 3.5 to 4 inches. Skip a cut if the yard slows under warmth anxiety. Scalping welcomes diseases like brownish patch, which enjoys warm nights and wet foliage.

Fertilization needs to be marginal or none in July and August. Feeding throughout warm urges top growth at the specific moment roots are having a hard time. If a lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy proposes a heavy mid-summer feeding for cool-season lawn, ask why. In almost every case, it's better to wait.

Irrigate as the lawn needs. The screwdriver examination is straightforward and reliable: press a screwdriver into the soil. If it glides in conveniently to the manage, moisture suffices. If it just penetrates an inch, the dirt is completely dry. Water early in the early morning so leaves completely dry swiftly. If you pick to let the lawn go dormant, water gently every two to three weeks, around a half inch, simply to maintain crowns alive.

Watch for conditions. Brownish spot shows as uneven tan patches with a dark margin. Summer patch can be much more perilous, commonly connected to compaction and stressed out origins. Cultural controls precede: hone blades, prevent late-day watering, and skip nitrogen. A well-informed landscaping company in Philadelphia can suggest when fungicides are warranted for high-value turf, but the majority of home lawns recover with autumn oygenation and overseeding.

Fall: Philadelphia's prime-time show for recovery and renovation

From Labor Day to Halloween is the sweet spot. Dirt is warm, air is cooler, and weeds are much less hostile. If I can only pick one season to invest in, it would certainly be fall.

Core aeration in September reduces compaction, boosts oxygen exchange, and opens up channels for nutrients and water. On clay-heavy yards, drawing cores at least yearly makes a significant distinction over a few periods. I favor hollow-tine aerators and a dual pass if the soil is greatly compacted.

Overseeding right after oygenation works well. High fescue mixes that consist of turf-type selections produce a dense, fine-bladed look with better illness resistance. Go for 3 to 5 extra pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for overseeding, greater for complete improvement. Topdressing with a quarter inch of evaluated garden compost assists hold seed, boosts microbial life, and smooths minor undulations.

Fertilization belongs right here. A well balanced loss program provides 0.75 to 1 extra pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in early loss and an additional light application 6 to 8 weeks later, changed based upon soil tests. This technique drives origin growth and carbohydrate storage space, which settle next spring.

Broadleaf weeds are remarkably prone in loss. Therapies for clover, plantain, and dandelion are much more efficient now since plants are drawing sources steadily right into their roots. If you like a lighter chemical footprint, place treatment remains a wise compromise.

Leaf management issues. Wet leaves stifle grass and welcome snow mold and mildew. Compost mowing, which chops leaves into fine bits, operates in a lot of cases and returns raw material to the soil. When the quantity surpasses what the lawn mower can take care of, gather and compost or ask your landscaping services Philadelphia carrier to carry them. The objective is always the same: prevent matting and maintain light getting to the grass.

Winter: safeguard what you built

Once development stops, make a final clean-up pass. The last trim typically lands around 2.75 to 3 inches, slightly lower than your summer height. This helps in reducing snow mold threat, though we do not get the relentless snow cover seen in northern regions. Prevent hefty foot traffic on icy or saturated yards. If the ground thaws throughout a warm spell, resist the temptation to rake or function the yard until the soil firms again.

Winter is likewise a good time to examine larger modifications. Do you have areas that never ever thrive as a result of shade or drain? A smart landscaping Philadelphia redesign could replace those failings with shade-tolerant perennials, decorative crushed rock, or expanded beds that reduce upkeep and water usage. The very best landscaper in Philly will certainly create with runoff regulations and neighborhood plant combinations in mind, so your backyard looks natural in the neighborhood.

The service food selection that actually helps

When people look for lawn care services Philadelphia, they frequently see package packages that look interchangeable. Under the hood, however, there are significant differences. Below is a functional method to think about service options.

Mowing and bordering. Beneficial when growth is quick. The high quality of work shows in details: rotating trimming patterns to avoid ruts, trimming evenly without scalping, and blowing cuttings out of beds instead of burying plants.

Fertilization and weed control. Seek providers that use slow-release resources for the majority of the nitrogen, time feedings to springtime and autumn, and support spot sprays for weeds. Programs with five to 7 sees per year are regular, but the web content of those visits matters more than the count.

Aeration and overseeding. This is the single most impactful annual service for compacted Philadelphia lawns. If a business attempts to skip it, be cynical. Slit seeding can enhance or replace overseeding in extreme thinning due to the fact that it puts seed into superficial soil furrows where moisture lingers.

Soil screening and changes. The difference in between guessing and screening shows up in your lawn within 2 periods. pH improvements, potassium adjustments, and raw material methods are hard to establish without data.

Topdressing and garden compost unification. Specifically on newly built homes, where topsoil is slim and subsoil is thick, a yearly quarter inch of compost after aeration develops fertility and enhances framework. It is not flashy, however it works.

Irrigation check-ups or upgrades. If you have an automated system, request for head-to-head protection audits and matched rainfall nozzles. If you depend on tubes, have your service provider mark a basic watering plan that fits your schedule.

Pest and condition tracking. As opposed to scheduled chemical applications, the best companies evaluate, document, and deal with when thresholds are reached. Japanese beetle grubs, chinch insects, and fungal illness require various timing. Splashing on a schedule wastes money and welcomes resistance.

Watering in the city: useful, not perfect

Many Philly properties do not have in-ground irrigation. That is great. I have actually managed lots of fine-looking yards with a number of oscillating lawn sprinklers and an affordable timer. The method is discipline.

Set lawn sprinklers so they overlap somewhat, delivering approximately one inch per week spread over 2 deep soakings. Make use of a tuna can or a rainfall gauge to gauge. Relocate lawn sprinklers carefully to stay clear of dry touches. If a heat wave hits, boost period, not frequency. Morning watering prevents leaf dampness overnight, which fuels fungus.

Side backyards and tiny courtyards can be persistent. Wind passages in between rowhomes make circulation unequal, and fences obstruct spray. In those spots, soaker pipes under a light mulch can surpass overhead watering.

Mowing elevation, blades, and trimmings: little selections, large payoffs

I harp on trimming since it is the most constant touch a lawn obtains, and little mistakes substance. Set your mower high, hold that line in summer, and avoid eliminating greater than one third of the blade at a time. If a wet week transforms your lawn right into a jungle, use a double pass at greater deck setups as opposed to requiring a solitary radical cut.

Sharpen blades at the very least twice a season. If you see white torn pointers on the turf a day after trimming, your blade is boring. Torn ideas shed water quickly, welcome illness, and make the lawn appearance gray.

Leave clippings unless they mat. They return nitrogen and organic matter. On hefty development weeks, bagging is much better than surrounding the grass. If a lawn care company leaves windrows or clumps, ask to reduce or take a second pass.

The shade and tree root problem

Philadelphia's mature areas teem with maples, oaks, and sycamores. Trees and turf complete increasingly for water and nutrients. If you have actually subjected roots at the surface, loading soil on the top is risky. Roots require oxygen. Instead, develop a mulched ring out to the drip line where functional, and approve a minimized lawn footprint.

In spotted shade, fine fescues can gain a location in the seed mix, but they do not love foot traffic. Take into consideration stepping rock paths or expanded beds via high-traffic shade areas. A great lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy balances aesthetics with truth, conserving you from reseeding the very same area year after year.

Organic, low-input, and crossbreed programs

Plenty of homeowners intend to decrease synthetic inputs. That is possible, especially if you buy dirt health and wellness, cutting self-control, and overseeding. Organic fertilizers develop microbial life and launch nutrients slowly. Garden compost topdressing, leaf mulching, and clover assimilation all add to a resistant lawn.

Be sincere regarding trade-offs. Weed pressure will certainly be greater in year one and 2, particularly versus seasonal weeds like violet. Much of my clients do well with hybrid programs: natural fertility, social techniques like aeration and garden compost, and targeted herbicides just where needed. A lawn care company in Philly that recognizes this equilibrium can tailor a path commercial landscaping services Philadelphia that appreciates your choices while keeping the grass presentable.

Pricing expectations and value checks

Costs differ by building size, gain access to, and solution range, however you can orient yourself with harsh arrays throughout the city and close residential areas. Mowing on little rowhome yards might run in the small once a week rate array throughout top period, while quarter to half-acre suburban great deals can set you back several times that. Oygenation and overseeding commonly falls under a mid-three-to-high-three-figure array relying on dimension and seed selection. Complete remodelling, which includes non-selective kill, several seed passes, and topdressing, can press more than a thousand for larger properties.

Value exposes itself in outcomes and interaction. If a crew shows up reliably, leaves tidy sides, proactively flags problems, and strikes the important autumn home window on schedule, they are earning their keep. If they avoid oygenation, avoid dirt examinations, or push mid-summer nitrogen for cool-season lawn, press for descriptions or consider other options.

When to call a landscaper as opposed to pushing grass fixes

Sometimes, the smartest move is to alter the canvas. If your front lawn gets much less than three hours of light, grass will certainly constantly struggle. If runoff tears channels via your side yard after tornados, turf is not the solution. Landscaping Philadelphia projects that add swales, permeable paths, and indigenous plantings can resolve the underlying problems and lower upkeep long term.

A capable landscaping company in Philadelphia thinks like an engineer and a garden enthusiast. They must review incline, dirt infiltration, and plant option in addition to aesthetic allure. Work with teams that appreciate your home's building style and the neighborhood's character, not just the Pinterest vision.

A simple, seasonal checklist you can show to your provider

  • Early springtime: soil examination if overdue, sharpen lawn mower blades, apply pre-emergent when dirt strikes mid 50s, light slow-release feeding, trim at 3 to 3.5 inches.
  • Late spring: spot-treat weeds, screen for grubs if there is a history, verify watering insurance coverage, keep mowing elevation steady.
  • Summer: elevate trimming to 3.5 to 4 inches, water deeply in mornings as required, avoid hefty nitrogen, handle illness pressure with social practices.
  • Early loss: core aerate, overseed with turf-type tall fescue blend, topdress with garden compost, use a well balanced autumn fertilizer.
  • Late autumn: second light plant food if ideal, mulch or remove leaves before they mat, last cut around 2.75 to 3 inches.

How top-rated companies earn their reputation

I have viewed companies gain first-class reputations the sluggish method, over years of consistent area work. They do the unglamorous points well. They stop briefly after a thunderstorm to reschedule a mow rather than rut your soil. They switch from covering weed control to detect spray the first time you ask, after that describe the practical timeline for enhancement. They urge fall oygenation also if it is the busiest week of their year, due to the fact that they recognize that is when it counts.

When you examine lawn care services Philadelphia locals suggest, look beyond social proof to process. Ask exactly how they educate workers, what they do when a work fails, and just how they deal with edge instances like new sod in a warm front. Good responses specify. If the salesman can not explain the seed mix they use, the nitrogen source in their fertilizer, or the target soil pH, maintain interviewing.

A couple of edge cases worth calling out

New building yards typically remain on compressed subsoil with a thin veneer of topsoil. Expect a two to three year turnaround if you dedicate to oygenation, garden compost topdressing, and cautious watering. Quick fixes seldom hold.

Pet damages focuses in winter and early springtime. Flush those locations with water to dilute salts, after that topdress with a light layer of compost and seed when dirt warms. Tall fescue recuperates better than bluegrass under repeat traffic.

Sidewalk strips warm up and dry out faster than the yard appropriate. Consider drought-tolerant blends, a small drip line under compost, or exchanging grass for a challenging seasonal boundary. It is much better to have a strip that looks intentionally grown than a churned-up jumble of weeds and dust.

Slope locations can benefit from slit seeding incorporated with erosion control coverings for a season. When established, deeper-rooted high fescue outmatches rye in holding soil.

Bringing it all together

A Philly grass flourishes when you sync with the city's periods and dirts. Springtime establishes the table, summertime examinations your perseverance, and fall incentives the lawn maintenance professionals in Philadelphia job. The best lawn care company in Philly intensifies your initiatives with specific timing, honest guidance, and sharp implementation. They understand when to seed and when to wait, when to feed and when to keep back, when to eliminate weeds and when to reassess the planting.

Whether you maintain the job in-house or companion with a specialist team, the principles remain the exact same. Develop healthy and balanced dirt. Cut high with sharp blades. Water deeply yet not frequently. Freshen and seed in autumn. Choose plants that match the website instead of requiring the website to match the plant. Keeping that strategy, your grass becomes more than an environment-friendly surface area. It becomes a durable landscape that looks great in April, makes it through July, and rebounds with vitality in October. And that, in Philadelphia's environment, is the mark of work well done.

EAS Landscaping Address: 1234 N 25th St, Philadelphia, PA 19121
Phone: +1 267-670-0173
Website: https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping is a Philadelphia-based landscape design and construction company specializing in artistic, sustainable outdoor spaces, including landscaping, hardscaping, garden design, and custom landscape architecture for residential projects.

View us on Google Maps
1234 N 25th St
Philadelphia, PA
19121
US

Business Hours

  • Monday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Tuesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Wednesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Thursday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Friday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Saturday: 9:00 AM – 1:00 PM
  • Sunday: Closed

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EAS Landscaping is a landscaping company

EAS Landscaping is based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

EAS Landscaping address is 1234 N 25th St Philadelphia PA 19121 United States

EAS Landscaping phone number is +1 267 670 0173

EAS Landscaping website is https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping operates on Tuesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Wednesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Thursday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Friday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Saturday from 9 AM to 1 PM

EAS Landscaping is closed on Sunday

EAS Landscaping operates on Monday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping is connected with Brooks Brothers Construction

Brooks Brothers Construction provides hardscaping services for EAS Landscaping

Horace Captain leads hardscaping projects for Brooks Brothers Construction

Horace Captain has over 30 years of hardscaping experience

EAS Landscaping provides landscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides hardscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape design services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape construction services

EAS Landscaping provides native plant installation and guidance

EAS Landscaping provides garden design services

EAS Landscaping provides residential landscape architecture services

EAS Landscaping provides fencing services

EAS Landscaping does not provide lawncare services

EAS Landscaping installs sod only as part of a larger design project

EAS Landscaping specializes in artscape landscape projects

EAS Landscaping collaborates with clients to create sustainable landscape designs

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in horticulture

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in landscape construction

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in project management

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in material logistics

EAS Landscaping won Philadelphia Sustainable Landscape Award

EAS Landscaping was awarded Best Urban Garden Design Philadelphia

EAS Landscaping received Recognition for Artistic Landscape Excellence

EAS Landscaping Google Maps link is https://maps.app.goo.gl/S64Ns9YXGW3pb42m8

EAS Landscaping has a YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPgmI0GioirEfnZG7hl4t7Q

EAS Landscaping has an Instagram profile https://www.instagram.com/easlandscaping/

EAS Landscaping uses social media for brand promotion

EAS Landscaping uses social media to showcase landscaping projects


Frequently Asked Questions About Lawn Care in Philadelphia


How much does lawn service cost in Philadelphia?

Lawn service in Philadelphia typically costs between $40 and $80 per visit for standard mowing. Pricing varies based on lot size, grass height, terrain, and service frequency. Additional services such as edging, trimming, or seasonal cleanup increase the total cost.

How much does lawn care cost in PA?

In Pennsylvania, routine lawn care generally ranges from $35 to $90 per visit. Monthly costs average $120 to $250 depending on services included. Fertilization, weed control, and aeration are usually priced separately.

What services are offered by Lawnstarter lawn care service in Philadelphia?

The platform typically offers lawn mowing, edging, trimming, and debris cleanup. Optional services commonly include fertilization, weed control, aeration, overseeding, and leaf removal. Availability can vary based on provider coverage and season.

What is the best grass to grow in Philadelphia?

Cool-season grasses perform best due to Philadelphia’s climate. Tall fescue is widely used for its heat tolerance and durability. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are also common, often blended for resilience.

What is the average pay for a lawn care worker in PA?

The average lawn care worker in Pennsylvania earns approximately $15 to $20 per hour. Entry-level roles are typically lower, while experienced operators earn more. Pay varies by season, employer, and skill level.

What is the best lawn care for beginners?

Basic lawn care for beginners includes regular mowing, proper watering, and seasonal fertilization. Maintaining correct mowing height and sharp blades prevents stress and disease. Weed control and soil testing can be added gradually.

Do you need a license for lawn care in PA?

General lawn mowing and maintenance do not require a state license in Pennsylvania. However, applying pesticides or herbicides commercially requires certification from the state. Local business registration may also be required.

What is the best time of year for lawn care?

Spring and fall are the most important seasons for lawn care. Fall is ideal for aeration, overseeding, and fertilization. Spring focuses on cleanup, early fertilization, and weed prevention.

What is the most expensive part of landscaping?

Hardscaping is typically the most expensive part of landscaping. This includes patios, retaining walls, drainage systems, and stonework. Costs are driven by materials, excavation, and labor intensity.

Is $20 an hour good in PA?

An hourly rate of $20 is above the statewide median for many labor roles. It is generally considered competitive for skilled or physically demanding work. Cost of living differences can affect how far this wage goes.

How many lawns can a 2 man crew mow in a day?

A two-person crew can typically mow 12 to 20 average-size lawns per day. Productivity depends on lawn size, travel distance, equipment efficiency, and service scope. Smaller, clustered properties increase output.

What is the difference between a landscaper and a groundskeeper?

A landscaper focuses on design, installation, and improvement of outdoor spaces. A groundskeeper maintains existing landscapes through mowing, pruning, and general upkeep. The roles differ mainly in scope and long-term responsibility.


Looking for lawn care in Philadelphia near Betsy Ross House ? Professional lawn care services help maintain healthy grass, control weeds, and keep outdoor spaces consistently maintained throughout the season.

I am a enthusiastic professional with a rich background in consulting. My drive for game-changing solutions drives my desire to scale thriving ventures. In my professional career, I have established a identity as being a pragmatic leader. Aside from scaling my own businesses, I also enjoy coaching entrepreneurial risk-takers. I believe in motivating the next generation of problem-solvers to actualize their own desires. I am often venturing into groundbreaking possibilities and uniting with like-hearted risk-takers. Upending expectations is my inspiration. In addition to dedicated to my startup, I enjoy visiting dynamic destinations. I am also focused on outdoor activities.