Termite protection plans Port Charlotte

Termite protection plans Port Charlotte

Tick Control

These methods align with the National Registry of Food Safety Professionals' best practices, ensuring customers receive the safest pest removal options available.“As a company deeply committed to public health and environmental responsibility, we've spent years refining methods that raise the standard for safe pest control in Florida,” said a Bug Off Pest representative. “These newly certified services offer customers extra peace of mind, especially when dealing with pests inside sensitive or high-traffic areas.”The services include enhanced sanitation protocols, non-invasive inspection methods, reduced-odor formulas, and targeted pest elimination strategies that maintain a clean, compliant environment. Wasp Removal The expansion allows Bug Off Pest to respond faster, accommodate more service requests, and support a wider range of property types, including homes, farms, commercial spaces, and multi-unit buildings. Stable Fly Control With increasing rodent activity in Florida neighborhoods, the company is providing residents with stronger, more comprehensive solutions designed to eliminate infestations and prevent future issues. Pest Control in Charlotte County Termite protection plans Port Charlotte here
With flexible scheduling - including nighttime and weekend services - businesses can maintain pest-free environments without operational disruption.



Eco-Friendly Pest Control

  • Hornet Removal
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control
  • Home Pest Inspection
  • Raccoon Removal
  • Wildlife Removal
  • Rat Exterminator
  • Squirrel Removal
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Mole Cricket Treatment
  • Pantry Pest Removal
  • Hornet Removal
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control
Learn more about Pest control Port Charlotte here.

Each service is customized based on the home's design, pest activity, and environmental conditions. Local Pest Control Leader Bug Off Pest Marks Growth in Port Charlotte With Expanded Service AreasPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest has announced a significant expansion of its service areas, now proudly serving more communities throughout Termite protection plans Port Charlotte, DeSoto County, Lee County, and Sarasota County. Bug Off Pest Expands Eco-Friendly Pest Control Services Across Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest, one of Southwest Florida's fastest-growing pest management companies, has officially expanded its eco-friendly pest control services throughout Port Charlotte and neighboring regions.

Bug Off Pest's strengthened commercial service lineup helps businesses stay one step ahead through routine monitoring, preventative strategies, and targeted treatments that reduce downtime and ensure safety.“Our commercial clients depend on us to protect the integrity of their operations,” said the Bug Off Pest commercial services team. “We've expanded our systems, upgraded our reporting, and reinforced treatment methods to meet even the strictest industry requirements.”The improved system includes enhanced inspection technology, heat and cold treatments for sensitive areas, digital reporting for audits, and rapid-response service for unexpected pest activity. Commercial Service BenefitsSanitation-based pest control programsEmployee-safe application techniquesDetailed service logs & compliance reportsRodent exclusion & structural inspectionsTermite protection for commercial buildingsEmergency same-day service optionsBug Off Pest continues to be the trusted partner for Port Charlotte businesses seeking long-term pest prevention backed by professional certification and industry-grade service.

Ant Control

  • Rat Exterminator
  • Squirrel Removal
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Hornet Removal
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control
  • Home Pest Inspection
  • Raccoon Removal
  • Wildlife Removal
  • Rat Exterminator
  • Squirrel Removal
  • Midge Control


These pet-safe treatments target common pests such as ants, fleas, spiders, roaches, ticks, and mosquitoes while eliminating unnecessary chemical exposure. Modernized inspection methods allow Bug Off Pest to identify even early-stage termite activity, helping homeowners avoid thousands of dollars in structural repairs.

Expanded Coverage Areas IncludePort CharlottePunta GordaNorth PortArcadiaCape CoralFort MyersVeniceEnglewoodSurrounding communitiesWith its continued growth, Bug Off Pest remains committed to its founding mission: protecting health, homes, and peace of mind with reliable, high-quality pest control. The company now offers upgraded treatment systems specifically engineered to combat Florida pests such as termites, roaches, rodents, bed bugs, ants, and lawn insects.“As Port Charlotte grows, so does the need for dependable pest control,” said a representative from Bug Off Pest. Commercial Pest Control “We've invested in advanced equipment, training, and safety certifications to ensure our customers receive the best-quality protection available anywhere in Southwest Florida.”Bug Off Pest also continues to support business owners with commercial-grade pest management solutions compliant with strict food safety and sanitation guidelines.

With Florida's increasing pest pressures caused by heat, humidity, and seasonal activity, the company is implementing stronger prevention strategies, faster response systems, and enhanced customer support to deliver superior results. These services include detailed reporting, non-intrusive scheduling, preventative monitoring, and industry-specific treatment plans. Wildlife Removal

Rodent & Household Pest Program FeaturesRodent trapping, removal, and preventionStructural exclusion and entry point repairAttic inspections & sanitation treatmentGeneral pest elimination for common Florida pestsFollow-up visits to maintain long-term protectionWith its comprehensive approach, Bug Off Pest provides Port Charlotte residents with reliable, long-lasting pest and rodent defense backed by certified professionals. To meet demand, Bug Off Pest has expanded its licensed technician team and added additional service vehicles, allowing quicker scheduling and same-day emergency visits for high-priority pest problems.

Commercial pest control Port Charlotte

Port Charlotte was severely impacted by Hurricane Charley on August 13, 2004. The hurricane, predicted to hit Tampa as a Category 2 hurricane, took a last-minute right hand turn and intensified into a Category 4 storm as it made landfall near Charlotte Harbor and caused severe damage in the city of Punta Gorda and in the Port Charlotte area.] The storm's 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) maximum sustained winds destroyed almost half of the homes in the county and caused heavy ecological damage to sensitive wetlands in the area.

Port Charlotte pest solutions

Pest control Port Charlotte

Entity Description Source
Pest control Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered harmful to humans, crops, or the environment, using chemical, biological, or physical methods. source
Mosquito Mosquitoes are small flying insects that feed on blood and can transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus. source
Termite Termites are social insects that feed on cellulose in wood and plant material, often causing structural damage to buildings. source
Wildlife Wildlife encompasses undomesticated animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, living in natural environments. source
Port Charlotte distillery Port Charlotte distillery is a distillery in Scotland known for producing peated single malt whisky. source
Rodent Rodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, characterized by continuously growing incisors and include mice, rats, and squirrels. source
Invasive species Invasive species are non-native organisms that spread rapidly and cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health. source
Flea Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed on blood from mammals and birds and can transmit diseases like plague and typhus. source
Fire ant Fire ants are aggressive, stinging ants that can inflict painful bites and cause ecological damage in invaded areas. source
House mouse The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small rodent commonly found in human habitats, often considered a pest. source
Brown rat The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a widespread rodent species known for infesting urban areas and transmitting diseases. source
Seek Shelter Seek Shelter is the general advice or practice of finding a safe place to protect oneself from pests, wildlife threats, or environmental hazards. source


Citations and other links

Free termite inspection Port Charlotte

Bug Off Pest Enhances Residential Pest Control Programs for Port Charlotte FamiliesPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is proud to introduce upgraded residential pest control programs designed specifically for the needs of Port Charlotte families. The new termite program includes advanced detection tools, improved barrier systems, and updated bait technology engineered to stop colonies at the source. Bug Off Pest Introduces Advanced Termite & Bed Bug Solutions in Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest has officially unveiled new state-of-the-art termite and bed bug treatment solutions designed to eliminate infestations faster, more accurately, and more safely than ever before.

The company's safety-certified treatments combine advanced pest control formulas with strict application procedures to minimize exposure while maximizing results.

Squirrel Removal

  1. Wasp Removal
  2. Commercial Pest Control
  3. Stable Fly Control
  4. Local Pest Control Near Me
  5. Fire Ant Control
  6. Raccoon Removal
  7. Wildlife Removal
  8. Rat Exterminator
  9. Squirrel Removal
  10. Midge Control
  11. Wasp Removal
  12. Commercial Pest Control
  13. Stable Fly Control
  14. Local Pest Control Near Me
  15. Fire Ant Control
Meanwhile, the enhanced bed bug program now includes heat treatments, chemical-free options, multi-step elimination systems, and post-treatment monitoring.

With transparent pricing and locally trusted service, the company continues to be a top choice for home pest control across Termite protection plans Port Charlotte. Eco-Friendly Commitment HighlightsPlant-derived treatment formulasReduced-chemical termite systemsAdvanced exclusion & prevention techniquesLow-impact mosquito and lawn programsEnvironmentally responsible application methodsBug Off Pest continues to position itself as a leader in Florida's green pest control movement, serving Port Charlotte with solutions that protect both homes and the environment.

Commercial Pest Control

  1. Home Pest Inspection
  2. Raccoon Removal
  3. Wildlife Removal
  4. Rat Exterminator
  5. Squirrel Removal
  6. Midge Control
  7. Wasp Removal
  8. Commercial Pest Control
  9. Stable Fly Control
  10. Local Pest Control Near Me
  11. Fire Ant Control
  12. Pantry Pest Removal
  13. Hornet Removal
  14. Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  15. Fly Control
  16. Home Pest Inspection
  17. Raccoon Removal
  18. Wildlife Removal


Trusted Pest Control in Port Charlotte: Bug Off Pest Strengthens Protection for Homes and BusinessesPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is raising the standard for residential and commercial pest protection with a reinforced and expanded pest control program across Port Charlotte. Raccoon Removal Instead, Bug Off Pest utilizes modern, eco-conscious formulas and precision application methods that keep pets safe from harmful residues or strong odors.“Pets are family - and they deserve the same level of protection and care as every member of the household,” said a representative from Bug Off Pest. “Our pet-safe programs allow families to maintain a pest-free home without worrying about harmful products around their animals.”These affordable programs offer flexible monthly pricing, bundled service options, and long-term protection packages that reduce costs while maintaining a healthy, pest-free living environment. Midge Control

Combined with Bug Off Pest's household pest management services, homeowners can now enjoy complete, year-round protection from mice, rats, ants, roaches, spiders, fleas, and more.“Rodent issues are becoming more common across Florida, and quick action is essential,” said the Bug Off Pest team. “Our approach goes beyond removal - we identify how rodents entered the home and ensure they can't come back.”These services include advanced detection tools, safe baiting and trapping methods, and eco-friendly indoor treatments suitable for families and pets. Bug Off Pest Reinforces Its Commitment to Eco-Friendly Pest Control in Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is reinforcing its long-standing commitment to eco-friendly pest control through a series of new initiatives aimed at increasing sustainability, reducing chemical dependence, and introducing greener solutions for Port Charlotte residents.

Expanded Eco-Friendly Services Include:Family-safe general pest controlLow-toxicity termite treatments and monitoringNaturally derived bed bug solutionsEco-conscious rodent managementGreen lawn & perimeter pest programsPreventative and exclusion-based pest strategiesBug Off Pest continues to lead the way in sustainability-focused pest control, offering tailored service plans that meet the needs of Port Charlotte's homes, HOAs, farms, and commercial facilities. Bug Off Pest's goal is to help customers protect what matters most - their health, their families, and their businesses - without relying on harsh or unnecessary chemicals.



Raccoon Removal

  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
Free termite inspection Port Charlotte
Organic termite treatment Port Charlotte

Organic termite treatment Port Charlotte

By integrating more natural solutions and advanced moisture and exclusion systems, the company is reducing the need for harsh chemical use while maintaining effective pest elimination.“Eco-friendly pest control isn't just a service option - it's our company philosophy,” said a Bug Off Pest spokesperson. “We're always working to develop safer, greener, and more sustainable ways to protect our community.”The eco-focused initiative includes expanded use of plant-based products, targeted applications, low-toxicity termite treatments, and increased emphasis on inspection and prevention over chemical spraying. The company is rolling out upgraded pest control formulas, technician training programs, and environmentally responsible treatment protocols. Commercial pest problems can lead to costly shutdowns, damaged inventory, health code violations, and damaged reputations.

Known for its safe, effective, and environmentally responsible solutions, Bug Off Pest is doubling down on its mission to protect homes, businesses, and agricultural properties without sacrificing long-term environmental health. Florida homeowners face some of the nation's most persistent pest threats, including ants, roaches, spiders, mosquitoes, termites, and rodents.

Home Pest Inspection

  1. Home Pest Inspection
  2. Raccoon Removal
  3. Wildlife Removal
  4. Rat Exterminator
  5. Squirrel Removal
  6. Midge Control
  7. Wasp Removal
  8. Commercial Pest Control
  9. Stable Fly Control
  10. Local Pest Control Near Me
  11. Fire Ant Control
  12. Fly Control
  13. Home Pest Inspection
  14. Raccoon Removal
  15. Wildlife Removal
  16. Rat Exterminator
  17. Squirrel Removal
  18. Midge Control
  19. Wasp Removal
  20. Commercial Pest Control


Port Charlotte Businesses Get Stronger Pest Defense With Bug Off Pest's Commercial ServicesPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Local businesses in Port Charlotte now have access to enhanced, industry-ready pest defense through Bug Off Pest's upgraded commercial pest control division. These services target infestations in homes, apartments, hotels, medical facilities, and short-term rentals.“Termites and bed bugs are two of the most difficult pests to eliminate without the right technology,” said the Bug Off Pest team. “Our upgraded solutions ensure residents receive the safest, fastest, and most complete protection available.”Advanced Services IntroducedTermite inspections with high-accuracy detection toolsLiquid and bait system termite treatmentsHeat and chemical combination bed bug treatmentsMulti-room and whole-home bed bug eradicationFollow-up inspections and long-term monitoringBug Off Pest encourages Port Charlotte property owners to schedule annual inspections to prevent expensive termite and bed bug outbreaks.

The expansion includes increased service area coverage, a larger team of certified specialists, and enhanced access to eco-friendly treatment programs that eliminate pests while minimizing chemical exposure.“Florida's climate creates a year-round pest challenge, but that doesn't mean families should have to choose between safety and effectiveness,” said a spokesperson for Bug Off Pest.

Raccoon Removal

  1. Fire Ant Control
  2. Squirrel Removal
  3. Midge Control
  4. Wasp Removal
  5. Commercial Pest Control
  6. Stable Fly Control
  7. Local Pest Control Near Me
  8. Fire Ant Control
  9. Squirrel Removal
  10. Midge Control
  11. Wasp Removal
  12. Commercial Pest Control
  13. Stable Fly Control
  14. Local Pest Control Near Me
  15. Fire Ant Control
  16. Squirrel Removal
  17. Midge Control
  18. Wasp Removal
  19. Commercial Pest Control
  20. Stable Fly Control
“Our expanded eco-friendly services ensure Port Charlotte residents can enjoy powerful pest protection that's better for their health, their pets, and the environment.”The updated service offerings include green-certified treatments for ants, roaches, spiders, termites, rodents, mosquitoes, and lawn pests - all designed for maximum performance with minimal impact. Designed to meet the needs of food service operations, retail stores, office buildings, warehouses, and industrial facilities, these services provide businesses with reliable, compliant, and discreet pest solutions.

Pet-Safe Features IncludeLow-toxicity indoor treatmentsExterior pet-friendly perimeter barriersFlea & tick prevention optionsNon-residual applications for sensitive areasEco-friendly lawn and garden pest controlBug Off Pest remains committed to offering safe and affordable pest control solutions that protect every member of the household - including four-legged ones. The expanded rodent program includes humane trapping, entry-point sealing, attic inspections, insulation restoration, and long-term prevention strategies that stop rodents from re-entering the home.

Residential Program HighlightsFamily-safe, pet-safe interior treatmentsComprehensive exterior perimeter defenseLawn & shrub pest managementRodent proofing & household exclusionTermite prevention and early detectionFlexible monthly or quarterly maintenance plansBug Off Pest encourages Port Charlotte families to take advantage of preventive care to avoid costly infestations and structural damage. These enhanced home protection plans focus on long-term prevention, fast elimination, and safer treatment approaches tailored to Florida's unique climate conditions.

Emergency exterminator Port Charlotte

Each service is customized based on the home's design, pest activity, and environmental conditions. Local Pest Control Leader Bug Off Pest Marks Growth in Port Charlotte With Expanded Service AreasPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest has announced a significant expansion of its service areas, now proudly serving more communities throughout Termite protection plans Port Charlotte, DeSoto County, Lee County, and Sarasota County. Bug Off Pest Expands Eco-Friendly Pest Control Services Across Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest, one of Southwest Florida's fastest-growing pest management companies, has officially expanded its eco-friendly pest control services throughout Port Charlotte and neighboring regions.

Midge Control

  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control
  • Home Pest Inspection
  • Raccoon Removal
  • Wildlife Removal
  • Rat Exterminator
  • Squirrel Removal
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control


Bug Off Pest's strengthened commercial service lineup helps businesses stay one step ahead through routine monitoring, preventative strategies, and targeted treatments that reduce downtime and ensure safety.“Our commercial clients depend on us to protect the integrity of their operations,” said the Bug Off Pest commercial services team. “We've expanded our systems, upgraded our reporting, and reinforced treatment methods to meet even the strictest industry requirements.”The improved system includes enhanced inspection technology, heat and cold treatments for sensitive areas, digital reporting for audits, and rapid-response service for unexpected pest activity. Commercial Service BenefitsSanitation-based pest control programsEmployee-safe application techniquesDetailed service logs & compliance reportsRodent exclusion & structural inspectionsTermite protection for commercial buildingsEmergency same-day service optionsBug Off Pest continues to be the trusted partner for Port Charlotte businesses seeking long-term pest prevention backed by professional certification and industry-grade service.

These pet-safe treatments target common pests such as ants, fleas, spiders, roaches, ticks, and mosquitoes while eliminating unnecessary chemical exposure. Modernized inspection methods allow Bug Off Pest to identify even early-stage termite activity, helping homeowners avoid thousands of dollars in structural repairs.

Expanded Coverage Areas IncludePort CharlottePunta GordaNorth PortArcadiaCape CoralFort MyersVeniceEnglewoodSurrounding communitiesWith its continued growth, Bug Off Pest remains committed to its founding mission: protecting health, homes, and peace of mind with reliable, high-quality pest control. The company now offers upgraded treatment systems specifically engineered to combat Florida pests such as termites, roaches, rodents, bed bugs, ants, and lawn insects.“As Port Charlotte grows, so does the need for dependable pest control,” said a representative from Bug Off Pest. “We've invested in advanced equipment, training, and safety certifications to ensure our customers receive the best-quality protection available anywhere in Southwest Florida.”Bug Off Pest also continues to support business owners with commercial-grade pest management solutions compliant with strict food safety and sanitation guidelines.

With Florida's increasing pest pressures caused by heat, humidity, and seasonal activity, the company is implementing stronger prevention strategies, faster response systems, and enhanced customer support to deliver superior results. These services include detailed reporting, non-intrusive scheduling, preventative monitoring, and industry-specific treatment plans.

Rodent & Household Pest Program FeaturesRodent trapping, removal, and preventionStructural exclusion and entry point repairAttic inspections & sanitation treatmentGeneral pest elimination for common Florida pestsFollow-up visits to maintain long-term protectionWith its comprehensive approach, Bug Off Pest provides Port Charlotte residents with reliable, long-lasting pest and rodent defense backed by certified professionals. To meet demand, Bug Off Pest has expanded its licensed technician team and added additional service vehicles, allowing quicker scheduling and same-day emergency visits for high-priority pest problems.

Emergency exterminator Port Charlotte
Termite control contractors Port Charlotte
Termite control contractors Port Charlotte

These methods align with the National Registry of Food Safety Professionals' best practices, ensuring customers receive the safest pest removal options available.“As a company deeply committed to public health and environmental responsibility, we've spent years refining methods that raise the standard for safe pest control in Florida,” said a Bug Off Pest representative. “These newly certified services offer customers extra peace of mind, especially when dealing with pests inside sensitive or high-traffic areas.”The services include enhanced sanitation protocols, non-invasive inspection methods, reduced-odor formulas, and targeted pest elimination strategies that maintain a clean, compliant environment. The expansion allows Bug Off Pest to respond faster, accommodate more service requests, and support a wider range of property types, including homes, farms, commercial spaces, and multi-unit buildings. Ant Control With increasing rodent activity in Florida neighborhoods, the company is providing residents with stronger, more comprehensive solutions designed to eliminate infestations and prevent future issues.
With flexible scheduling - including nighttime and weekend services - businesses can maintain pest-free environments without operational disruption.

Pest Control in Charlotte County Termite protection plans Port Charlotte here
Affordable termite extermination Port Charlotte

Bug Off Pest Enhances Residential Pest Control Programs for Port Charlotte FamiliesPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is proud to introduce upgraded residential pest control programs designed specifically for the needs of Port Charlotte families. The new termite program includes advanced detection tools, improved barrier systems, and updated bait technology engineered to stop colonies at the source. Bug Off Pest Introduces Advanced Termite & Bed Bug Solutions in Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest has officially unveiled new state-of-the-art termite and bed bug treatment solutions designed to eliminate infestations faster, more accurately, and more safely than ever before.
The company's safety-certified treatments combine advanced pest control formulas with strict application procedures to minimize exposure while maximizing results. Meanwhile, the enhanced bed bug program now includes heat treatments, chemical-free options, multi-step elimination systems, and post-treatment monitoring.
With transparent pricing and locally trusted service, the company continues to be a top choice for home pest control across Termite protection plans Port Charlotte. Fly Control Eco-Friendly Commitment HighlightsPlant-derived treatment formulasReduced-chemical termite systemsAdvanced exclusion & prevention techniquesLow-impact mosquito and lawn programsEnvironmentally responsible application methodsBug Off Pest continues to position itself as a leader in Florida's green pest control movement, serving Port Charlotte with solutions that protect both homes and the environment.
Trusted Pest Control in Port Charlotte: Bug Off Pest Strengthens Protection for Homes and BusinessesPORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is raising the standard for residential and commercial pest protection with a reinforced and expanded pest control program across Port Charlotte. Instead, Bug Off Pest utilizes modern, eco-conscious formulas and precision application methods that keep pets safe from harmful residues or strong odors.“Pets are family - and they deserve the same level of protection and care as every member of the household,” said a representative from Bug Off Pest. “Our pet-safe programs allow families to maintain a pest-free home without worrying about harmful products around their animals.”These affordable programs offer flexible monthly pricing, bundled service options, and long-term protection packages that reduce costs while maintaining a healthy, pest-free living environment.
Combined with Bug Off Pest's household pest management services, homeowners can now enjoy complete, year-round protection from mice, rats, ants, roaches, spiders, fleas, and more.“Rodent issues are becoming more common across Florida, and quick action is essential,” said the Bug Off Pest team.

Commercial Pest Control

  • Tick Control
  • Ant Control
  • Eco-Friendly Pest Control
  • Mole Cricket Treatment
  • Pantry Pest Removal
  • Hornet Removal
  • Bi-Monthly Pest Control
  • Fly Control
  • Home Pest Inspection
  • Raccoon Removal
  • Wildlife Removal
  • Rat Exterminator
  • Squirrel Removal
  • Midge Control
  • Wasp Removal
  • Commercial Pest Control
  • Stable Fly Control
  • Local Pest Control Near Me
  • Fire Ant Control
  • Ant Control
“Our approach goes beyond removal - we identify how rodents entered the home and ensure they can't come back.”These services include advanced detection tools, safe baiting and trapping methods, and eco-friendly indoor treatments suitable for families and pets. Bug Off Pest Reinforces Its Commitment to Eco-Friendly Pest Control in Port CharlottePORT CHARLOTTE, FL - Bug Off Pest is reinforcing its long-standing commitment to eco-friendly pest control through a series of new initiatives aimed at increasing sustainability, reducing chemical dependence, and introducing greener solutions for Port Charlotte residents.
Expanded Eco-Friendly Services Include:Family-safe general pest controlLow-toxicity termite treatments and monitoringNaturally derived bed bug solutionsEco-conscious rodent managementGreen lawn & perimeter pest programsPreventative and exclusion-based pest strategiesBug Off Pest continues to lead the way in sustainability-focused pest control, offering tailored service plans that meet the needs of Port Charlotte's homes, HOAs, farms, and commercial facilities. Bug Off Pest's goal is to help customers protect what matters most - their health, their families, and their businesses - without relying on harsh or unnecessary chemicals.

Pest Control in Charlotte County Termite protection plans Port Charlotte here
Affordable termite extermination Port Charlotte

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About pest control

 

An agricultural aircraft applies low-insecticide bait against western corn rootworm.

Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment.[1] The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

In agriculture, pests are kept at bay by mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological means.[2] Ploughing and cultivation of the soil before sowing mitigate the pest burden, and crop rotation helps to reduce the build-up of a certain pest species. Concern about environment means limiting the use of pesticides in favour of other methods. This can be achieved by monitoring the crop, only applying pesticides when necessary, and by growing varieties and crops which are resistant to pests. Where possible, biological means are used, encouraging the natural enemies of the pests and introducing suitable predators or parasites.[3]

In homes and urban environments, the pests are the rodents, birds, insects and other organisms that share the habitat with humans, and that feed on or spoil possessions. Control of these pests is attempted through exclusion or quarantine, repulsion, physical removal or chemical means.[4] Alternatively, various methods of biological control can be used including sterilisation programmes.

History

[edit]
Bronze cat, Ancient Egypt. (664–525 BC)

Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. As long ago as 3000 BC in Egypt, cats were used to control pests of grain stores such as rodents.[5][6] Ferrets were domesticated by 1500 BC in Europe for use as mousers. Mongooses were introduced into homes to control rodents and snakes, probably by the ancient Egyptians.[7]

The conventional approach was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or ploughing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and the selective breeding of pest-resistant cultivars have a long history.[8]

Red weaver ants, here feeding on a snail, have been used to control pests in China, Southeast Asia, and Africa for many centuries.

Chemical pesticides were first used around 2500 BC, when the Sumerians used sulphur compounds as insecticides.[9] Modern pest control was stimulated by the spread across the United States of the Colorado potato beetle. After much discussion, arsenical compounds were used to control the beetle and the predicted poisoning of the human population did not occur. This led the way to a widespread acceptance of insecticides across the continent.[10] With the industrialisation and mechanization of agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the introduction of the insecticides pyrethrum and derris, chemical pest control became widespread. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides boosted this development.[10]

The harmful side effect of pesticides on humans has now resulted in the development of newer approaches, such as the use of biological control to eliminate the ability of pests to reproduce or to modify their behavior to make them less troublesome.[citation needed] Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.[9] Also around 4000 BC in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars. In the 1880s, ladybirds were used in citrus plantations in California to control scale insects, and other biological control experiments followed. The introduction of DDT, a cheap and effective compound, put an effective stop to biological control experiments. By the 1960s, problems of resistance to chemicals and damage to the environment began to emerge, and biological control had a renaissance. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control developed towards the end of the 20th century and continues to this day.[11]

In agriculture

[edit]

Control methods

[edit]

Biological pest control

[edit]
Biological pest control: parasitoid wasp (Cotesia congregata) adult with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (green background)

Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.[12] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, parasitody or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment. An alternative approach is to augment the natural enemies that occur in a particular area by releasing more, either in small, repeated batches, or in a single large-scale release. Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.[13] Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme.

For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.[14]

Cultural control

[edit]
Cultivation by ploughing exposes insect pests to predators such as black-headed gulls.
Spruce budworm (adult and pupa shown), a serious pest of forests, can be monitored using pheromone traps.

Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.[15]

Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.[16]

Trap cropping

[edit]

A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.[17] Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.[18] However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.[18]

Pesticides

[edit]
Spraying pine logs with insecticide against Ips sexdentatus, a pine engraver beetle

Pesticides are substances applied to crops to control pests, they include herbicides to kill weeds, fungicides to kill fungi and insecticides to kill insects. They can be applied as sprays by hand, tractors, or aircraft or as seed dressings. To be effective, the correct substance must be applied at the correct time and the method of application is important to ensure adequate coverage and retention on the crop. The killing of natural enemies of the target pest should be minimized. This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilizers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.[19][unreliable source?][failed verification] The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors. This necessitates higher concentrations of chemical, more frequent applications and a movement to more expensive formulations.[20]

Pesticides are intended to kill pests, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; of particular concern is the damage done to honey-bees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this regard, the time of day when the spray is applied can be important.[21] The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned on flowering crops in some countries because of their effects on bees.[21] Some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems in humans, as well as being harmful to wildlife.[22] There can be acute effects immediately after exposure or chronic effects after continuous low-level, or occasional exposure.[23] Maximum residue limits for pesticides in foodstuffs and animal feed are set by many nations.[24]

Genetics

[edit]

Using crops with inheritable resistance to pests is referred to as host-plant resistance and reduces the need for pesticide use. These crops can harm or even kill pests, repel feeding, prevent colonization, or tolerate the presence of a pest without significantly impacting yield.[25][26][27] Resistance can also occur through genetic engineering to have traits with resistance to insects, such as with Bt corn, or papaya resistance to ringspot virus.[28] When farmers are purchasing seed, variety information often includes resistance to selected pests in addition to other traits.[29]

Hunting

[edit]
A contemporary wood engraving of varmint hunters shooting passenger pigeons, a varmint species that was known to damage crops. Overhunting resulted in complete extinction of the species.

Pest control can also be achieved via culling the pest animals — generally small- to medium-sized wild or feral mammals or birds that inhabit the ecological niches near farms, pastures or other human settlements — by employing human hunters or trappers to physically track down, kill and remove them from the area. The culled animals, known as vermin, may be targeted because they are deemed harmful to agricultural crops, livestock or facilities; serve as hosts or vectors that transmit pathogens across species or to humans; or for population control as a mean of protecting other vulnerable species and ecosystems.[30]

Pest control via hunting, like all forms of harvest, has imposed an artificial selective pressure on the organisms being targeted. While varmint hunting is potentially selecting for desired behavioural and demographic changes (e.g. animals avoiding human populated areas, crops and livestock), it can also result in unpredicted outcomes such as the targeted animal adapting for faster reproductive cycles.[31]

Forestry

[edit]

Forest pests present a significant problem because it is not easy to access the canopy and monitor pest populations. In addition, forestry pests such as bark beetles, kept under control by natural enemies in their native range, may be transported large distances in cut timber to places where they have no natural predators, enabling them to cause extensive economic damage.[32] Pheromone traps have been used to monitor pest populations in the canopy. These release volatile chemicals that attract males. Pheromone traps can detect the arrival of pests or alert foresters to outbreaks. For example, the spruce budworm, a destructive pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian forests for several decades.[33] In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the damage caused during outbreaks.[34]

In homes and cities

[edit]

Many unwelcome animals visit or make their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural timbers, chew through fabrics or infest stored dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others carry diseases or cause fire hazards, and some are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.[35]

General methods

[edit]

Physical pest control

[edit]
Dog control van, Rekong Peo, Himachal Pradesh, India

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local people or paid rat-catchers caught and killed rodents using dogs and traps.[36] On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are used to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them. Glueboards are sometimes used for monitoring cockroaches and to catch rodents. Rodents can be killed by suitably baited spring traps and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or "tracking powder" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside buildings and acoustic devices can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.[35]

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specifically made to fire .22 caliber snake shot or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other pest. Garden Guns are short-range weapons that can do little harm past 15 to 20 yards, and they're relatively quiet when fired with snake shot, compared to standard ammunition. These guns are especially effective inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly, injure livestock with a ricochet. They are also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.[37]

The most common shot cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. At a distance of about 10 ft (3.0 m), which is about the maximum effective range, the pattern is about 8 in (20 cm) in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can produce effective patterns out to 15 or 20 yards using .22 WMR shotshells, which hold 1/8 oz. of #12 shot contained in a plastic capsule.

Poisoned bait

[edit]
Rodent bait station, Chennai, India

Poisoned bait is a common method for controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches, and other pests. The basic granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so that the workers have time to carry the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.[38] Baits for slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and household pets.[39]

An article in Scientific American in 1885 described effective elimination of a cockroach infestation using fresh cucumber peels.[40]

Bait being placed in a rodent bait box.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance to this anticoagulant, and difenacoum may be substituted. These are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up regularly.[38] Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves[41] and birds of prey.[42] Poisoned carcasses however kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.[41] Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.[43]

Fumigation

[edit]
Tent fumigation of a house in the United States

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests such as wood-boring beetles by sealing it or surrounding it with an airtight cover such as a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 24–72 hours. This is costly and inconvenient as the structure cannot be used during the treatment, but it targets all life stages of pests.[44]

An alternative, space treatment, is fogging or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most work within the building to continue, at the cost of reduced penetration. Contact insecticides are generally used to minimize long-lasting residual effects.[44]

Sterilization

[edit]

Populations of pest insects can sometimes be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is particularly useful where a female only mates once and where the insect does not disperse widely.[45] This technique has been successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, some species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.[46]

To chemically sterilize pests using chemosterilants, laboratory studies conducted using U-5897 (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) attempted in the early 1970s for rat control, although these proved unsuccessful.[47] In 2013, New York City tested sterilization traps,[48] demonstrating a 43% reduction in rat populations.[48] The product ContraPest was approved for the sterilization of rodents by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in August 2016 as a chemosterilant.[49]

Insulation

[edit]

Boron, a known pesticide can be impregnated into the paper fibers of cellulose insulation at certain levels to achieve a mechanical kill factor for self-grooming insects such as ants, cockroaches, termites, and more. The addition of insulation into the attic and walls of a structure can provide control of common pests in addition to known insulation benefits such a robust thermal envelope and acoustic noise-canceling properties. The EPA regulates this type of general-use pesticide within the United States allowing it to only be sold and installed by licensed pest management professionals as part of an integrated pest management program.[50] Simply adding Boron or an EPA-registered pesticide to an insulation does not qualify it as a pesticide. The dosage and method must be carefully controlled and monitored.

Methods for specific pests

[edit]

Rodent control

[edit]
Urban rodent control
[edit]

Rodent control is vital in cities.[51]: 133  New York City and cities across the state dramatically reduced their rodent populations in the early 1970s.[51]: 133  Rio de Janeiro claims a reduction of 80% over only 2 years shortly thereafter.[51]: 133  To better target efforts, London began scientifically surveying populations in 1972 and this was so useful that all Local Authorities in England and Wales soon followed.[51]: 133 

Natural rodent control
[edit]
Brown rat infestation

Several wildlife rehabilitation organizations encourage natural form of rodent control through exclusion and predator support and preventing secondary poisoning altogether.[52] The United States Environmental Protection Agency notes in its Proposed Risk Mitigation Decision for Nine Rodenticides that "without habitat modification to make areas less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from recolonizing the habitat."[53] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has prescribed guidelines for natural rodent control[54] and for safe trapping in residential areas with subsequent release to the wild.[55] People sometimes attempt to limit rodent damage using repellents. Balsam fir oil from the tree Abies balsamea is an EPA approved non-toxic rodent repellent.[56] Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha root emits chemical compounds that repel animals including rats.[57][58]

Pantry pests

[edit]
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, attacks stored grain products worldwide.

Insect pests including the Mediterranean flour moth, the Indian mealmoth, the cigarette beetle, the drugstore beetle, the confused flour beetle, the red flour beetle, the merchant grain beetle, the sawtoothed grain beetle, the wheat weevil, the maize weevil and the rice weevil infest stored dry foods such as flour, cereals and pasta.[59][60]

In the home, foodstuffs found to be infested are usually discarded, and storing such products in sealed containers should prevent the problem from reoccurring. The eggs of these insects are likely to go unnoticed, with the larvae being the destructive life stage, and the adult the most noticeable stage.[60] Since pesticides are not safe to use near food, alternative treatments such as freezing for four days at 0 °F (−18 °C) or baking for half an hour at 130 °F (54 °C) should kill any insects present.[61]

Clothes moths

[edit]
Larva, pupa and adult clothes moth Tineola bisselliella with characteristic damage to fabric

The larvae of clothes moths (mainly Tineola bisselliella and Tinea pellionella) feed on fabrics and carpets, particularly those that are stored or soiled. The adult females lay batches of eggs on natural fibres, including wool, silk, and fur, as well as cotton and linen in blends. The developing larvae spin protective webbing and chew into the fabric, creating holes and specks of excrement. Damage is often concentrated in concealed locations, under collars and near seams of clothing, in folds and crevices in upholstery and round the edges of carpets as well as under furniture.[62] Methods of control include using airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals; mothballs contain volatile insect repellents such as 1,4-Dichlorobenzene which deter adults, but to kill the larvae, permethrin, pyrethroids or other insecticides may need to be used.[62]

Carpet beetles

[edit]

Carpet beetles are members of the family Dermestidae, and while the adult beetles feed on nectar and pollen, the larvae are destructive pests in homes, warehouses, and museums. They feed on animal products including wool, silk, leather, fur, the bristles of hair brushes, pet hair, feathers, and museum specimens. They tend to infest hidden locations and may feed on larger areas of fabrics than do clothes moths, leaving behind specks of excrement and brown, hollow, bristly-looking cast skins.[63] Management of infestations is difficult and is based on exclusion and sanitation where possible, resorting to pesticides when necessary. The beetles can fly in from outdoors and the larvae can survive on lint fragments, dust, and inside the bags of vacuum cleaners. In warehouses and museums, sticky traps baited with suitable pheromones can be used to identify problems, and heating, freezing, spraying the surface with insecticide, and fumigation will kill the insects when suitably applied. Susceptible items can be protected from attack by keeping them in clean airtight containers.[63]

Bookworms

[edit]

Books are sometimes attacked by cockroaches, silverfish,[64] book mites, booklice,[65] and various beetles which feed on the covers, paper, bindings and glue. They leave behind physical damage in the form of tiny holes as well as staining from their faeces.[64] Book pests include the larder beetle, and the larvae of the black carpet beetle and the drugstore beetle which attack leather-bound books, while the common clothes moth and the brown house moth attack cloth bindings. These attacks are largely a problem with historic books, because modern bookbinding materials are less susceptible to this type of damage.[66]

Evidence of attack may be found in the form of tiny piles of book-dust and specks of frass. Damage may be concentrated in the spine, the projecting edges of pages and the cover. Prevention of attack relies on keeping books in cool, clean, dry positions with low humidity, and occasional inspections should be made. Treatment can be by freezing for lengthy periods, but some insect eggs are very resistant and can survive for long periods at low temperatures.[64]

Beetles

[edit]
House timber split open to reveal larvae of the house longhorn beetle, Hylotrupes bajulus, in their burrows, which are partially filled with frass

Various beetles in the Bostrichoidea superfamily attack the dry, seasoned wood used as structural timber in houses and to make furniture. In most cases, it is the larvae that do the damage; these are invisible from the outside of the timber but are chewing away at the wood in the interior of the item. Examples of these are the powderpost beetles, which attack the sapwood of hardwoods, and the furniture beetles, which attacks softwoods, including plywood. The damage has already been done by the time the adult beetles bore their way out, leaving neat round holes behind them. The first that a householder knows about the beetle damage is often when a chair leg breaks off or a piece of structural timber caves in. Prevention is possible through chemical treatment of the timber prior to its use in construction or in furniture manufacturing.[67]

Termites

[edit]

Termites with colonies in close proximity to houses can extend their galleries underground and make mud tubes to enter homes. The insects keep out of sight and chew their way through structural and decorative timbers, leaving the surface layers intact, as well as through cardboard, plastic and insulation materials. Their presence may become apparent when winged insects appear and swarm in the home in spring. Regular inspection of structures by a trained professional may help detect termite activity before the damage becomes substantial.;[68] Inspection and monitoring of termites is important because termite alates (winged reproductives) may not always swarm inside a structure. Control and extermination is a professional job involving trying to exclude the insects from the building and trying to kill those already present. Soil-applied liquid termiticides provide a chemical barrier that prevents termites from entering buildings, and lethal baits can be used; these are eaten by foraging insects, and carried back to the nest and shared with other members of the colony, which goes into slow decline.[69]

Mosquitoes

[edit]
Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) biting a human

Mosquitoes are midge-like flies in the family Culicidae. Females of most species feed on blood and some act as vectors for malaria and other diseases. Historically they have been controlled by use of DDT and other chemical means, but since the adverse environmental effects of these insecticides have been realized, other means of control have been attempted. The insects rely on water in which to breed and the first line of control is to reduce possible breeding locations by draining marshes and reducing accumulations of standing water. Other approaches include biological control of larvae by the use of fish or other predators, genetic control, the introduction of pathogens, growth-regulating hormones, the release of pheromones and mosquito trapping.[70]

On airfields

[edit]
Jet engine fan blades damaged by bird strike

Birds are a significant hazard to aircraft, but it is difficult to keep them away from airfields. Several methods have been explored. Stunning birds by feeding them a bait containing stupefying substances has been tried,[71] and it may be possible to reduce their numbers on airfields by reducing the number of earthworms and other invertebrates by soil treatment.[71] Leaving the grass long on airfields rather than mowing it is also a deterrent to birds.[72] Sonic nets are being trialled; these produce sounds that birds find distracting and seem effective at keeping birds away from affected areas.[73]

See also

[edit]

References

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[edit]

 

About bug

Bug or BUG may refer to:

Common uses

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Arts, entertainment and media

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Fictional entities

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Film and television

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Gaming

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Music

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Albums

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Songs

[edit]
  • "Bug", a song by Feeder from the 2001 album Echo Park
  • "Bug", a song by Lower Than Atlantis from the 2011 album World Record
  • "Bug", a song by Phish from the 2000 album Farmhouse
  • "The Bug", a 1992 song by Dire Straits

Other uses in arts, entertainment and media

[edit]

Businesses and organizations

[edit]

People

[edit]
  • Bug Hall (born 1985), an American actor
  • Bug Holliday (1867–1910), an American baseball player
  • Bug Howard (born 1994), an American football player
  • Amy Bug, American physicist
  • Enric Bug (born 1957), pseudonym Bug Rogers, a Spanish comic book artist and industrial designer
  • The Bug (musician), a recording alias for British musician Kevin Martin

Places

[edit]
  • Bug (river) or Western Bug, a river in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus
  • Southern Bug, Southern Buh or Boh, a river in Ukraine
  • Bug (Rügen), a spit and former village on the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
  • Bug, Kentucky, a settlement in Clinton County, Kentucky, in the United States
  • Bag, Qasr-e Qand, also called BÅ«g, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran

Science and technology

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Other uses

[edit]

See also

[edit]

About pest

Pest or The Pest may refer to:

Science and medicine

[edit]
  • Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns
    • Weed, a plant considered undesirable
  • Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection
    • Plague (disease), an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis
      • Black Death (the Plague), the deadliest pandemic recorded in human history

Film

[edit]

Music

[edit]

Places

[edit]

Other uses

[edit]
  • PESTS, an anonymous activist arts group
  • Pest (ice hockey), an ice hockey player specialising in aggravating opponents

See also

[edit]

About exterminator

Exterminator may refer to:

Pest control

[edit]

Competition

[edit]

Fiction

[edit]

Comics

[edit]

Film

[edit]

People

[edit]
  • French buccaneer Daniel Montbars (born 1645), better known as Montbars the Exterminator

Other uses

[edit]

See also

[edit]

About pest control

 

An agricultural aircraft applies low-insecticide bait against western corn rootworm.

Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment.[1] The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

In agriculture, pests are kept at bay by mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological means.[2] Ploughing and cultivation of the soil before sowing mitigate the pest burden, and crop rotation helps to reduce the build-up of a certain pest species. Concern about environment means limiting the use of pesticides in favour of other methods. This can be achieved by monitoring the crop, only applying pesticides when necessary, and by growing varieties and crops which are resistant to pests. Where possible, biological means are used, encouraging the natural enemies of the pests and introducing suitable predators or parasites.[3]

In homes and urban environments, the pests are the rodents, birds, insects and other organisms that share the habitat with humans, and that feed on or spoil possessions. Control of these pests is attempted through exclusion or quarantine, repulsion, physical removal or chemical means.[4] Alternatively, various methods of biological control can be used including sterilisation programmes.

History

[edit]
Bronze cat, Ancient Egypt. (664–525 BC)

Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. As long ago as 3000 BC in Egypt, cats were used to control pests of grain stores such as rodents.[5][6] Ferrets were domesticated by 1500 BC in Europe for use as mousers. Mongooses were introduced into homes to control rodents and snakes, probably by the ancient Egyptians.[7]

The conventional approach was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or ploughing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and the selective breeding of pest-resistant cultivars have a long history.[8]

Red weaver ants, here feeding on a snail, have been used to control pests in China, Southeast Asia, and Africa for many centuries.

Chemical pesticides were first used around 2500 BC, when the Sumerians used sulphur compounds as insecticides.[9] Modern pest control was stimulated by the spread across the United States of the Colorado potato beetle. After much discussion, arsenical compounds were used to control the beetle and the predicted poisoning of the human population did not occur. This led the way to a widespread acceptance of insecticides across the continent.[10] With the industrialisation and mechanization of agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the introduction of the insecticides pyrethrum and derris, chemical pest control became widespread. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides boosted this development.[10]

The harmful side effect of pesticides on humans has now resulted in the development of newer approaches, such as the use of biological control to eliminate the ability of pests to reproduce or to modify their behavior to make them less troublesome.[citation needed] Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.[9] Also around 4000 BC in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars. In the 1880s, ladybirds were used in citrus plantations in California to control scale insects, and other biological control experiments followed. The introduction of DDT, a cheap and effective compound, put an effective stop to biological control experiments. By the 1960s, problems of resistance to chemicals and damage to the environment began to emerge, and biological control had a renaissance. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control developed towards the end of the 20th century and continues to this day.[11]

In agriculture

[edit]

Control methods

[edit]

Biological pest control

[edit]
Biological pest control: parasitoid wasp (Cotesia congregata) adult with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (green background)

Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.[12] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, parasitody or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment. An alternative approach is to augment the natural enemies that occur in a particular area by releasing more, either in small, repeated batches, or in a single large-scale release. Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.[13] Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme.

For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.[14]

Cultural control

[edit]
Cultivation by ploughing exposes insect pests to predators such as black-headed gulls.
Spruce budworm (adult and pupa shown), a serious pest of forests, can be monitored using pheromone traps.

Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.[15]

Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.[16]

Trap cropping

[edit]

A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.[17] Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.[18] However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.[18]

Pesticides

[edit]
Spraying pine logs with insecticide against Ips sexdentatus, a pine engraver beetle

Pesticides are substances applied to crops to control pests, they include herbicides to kill weeds, fungicides to kill fungi and insecticides to kill insects. They can be applied as sprays by hand, tractors, or aircraft or as seed dressings. To be effective, the correct substance must be applied at the correct time and the method of application is important to ensure adequate coverage and retention on the crop. The killing of natural enemies of the target pest should be minimized. This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilizers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.[19][unreliable source?][failed verification] The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors. This necessitates higher concentrations of chemical, more frequent applications and a movement to more expensive formulations.[20]

Pesticides are intended to kill pests, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; of particular concern is the damage done to honey-bees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this regard, the time of day when the spray is applied can be important.[21] The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned on flowering crops in some countries because of their effects on bees.[21] Some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems in humans, as well as being harmful to wildlife.[22] There can be acute effects immediately after exposure or chronic effects after continuous low-level, or occasional exposure.[23] Maximum residue limits for pesticides in foodstuffs and animal feed are set by many nations.[24]

Genetics

[edit]

Using crops with inheritable resistance to pests is referred to as host-plant resistance and reduces the need for pesticide use. These crops can harm or even kill pests, repel feeding, prevent colonization, or tolerate the presence of a pest without significantly impacting yield.[25][26][27] Resistance can also occur through genetic engineering to have traits with resistance to insects, such as with Bt corn, or papaya resistance to ringspot virus.[28] When farmers are purchasing seed, variety information often includes resistance to selected pests in addition to other traits.[29]

Hunting

[edit]
A contemporary wood engraving of varmint hunters shooting passenger pigeons, a varmint species that was known to damage crops. Overhunting resulted in complete extinction of the species.

Pest control can also be achieved via culling the pest animals — generally small- to medium-sized wild or feral mammals or birds that inhabit the ecological niches near farms, pastures or other human settlements — by employing human hunters or trappers to physically track down, kill and remove them from the area. The culled animals, known as vermin, may be targeted because they are deemed harmful to agricultural crops, livestock or facilities; serve as hosts or vectors that transmit pathogens across species or to humans; or for population control as a mean of protecting other vulnerable species and ecosystems.[30]

Pest control via hunting, like all forms of harvest, has imposed an artificial selective pressure on the organisms being targeted. While varmint hunting is potentially selecting for desired behavioural and demographic changes (e.g. animals avoiding human populated areas, crops and livestock), it can also result in unpredicted outcomes such as the targeted animal adapting for faster reproductive cycles.[31]

Forestry

[edit]

Forest pests present a significant problem because it is not easy to access the canopy and monitor pest populations. In addition, forestry pests such as bark beetles, kept under control by natural enemies in their native range, may be transported large distances in cut timber to places where they have no natural predators, enabling them to cause extensive economic damage.[32] Pheromone traps have been used to monitor pest populations in the canopy. These release volatile chemicals that attract males. Pheromone traps can detect the arrival of pests or alert foresters to outbreaks. For example, the spruce budworm, a destructive pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian forests for several decades.[33] In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the damage caused during outbreaks.[34]

In homes and cities

[edit]

Many unwelcome animals visit or make their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural timbers, chew through fabrics or infest stored dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others carry diseases or cause fire hazards, and some are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.[35]

General methods

[edit]

Physical pest control

[edit]
Dog control van, Rekong Peo, Himachal Pradesh, India

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local people or paid rat-catchers caught and killed rodents using dogs and traps.[36] On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are used to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them. Glueboards are sometimes used for monitoring cockroaches and to catch rodents. Rodents can be killed by suitably baited spring traps and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or "tracking powder" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside buildings and acoustic devices can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.[35]

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specifically made to fire .22 caliber snake shot or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other pest. Garden Guns are short-range weapons that can do little harm past 15 to 20 yards, and they're relatively quiet when fired with snake shot, compared to standard ammunition. These guns are especially effective inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly, injure livestock with a ricochet. They are also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.[37]

The most common shot cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. At a distance of about 10 ft (3.0 m), which is about the maximum effective range, the pattern is about 8 in (20 cm) in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can produce effective patterns out to 15 or 20 yards using .22 WMR shotshells, which hold 1/8 oz. of #12 shot contained in a plastic capsule.

Poisoned bait

[edit]
Rodent bait station, Chennai, India

Poisoned bait is a common method for controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches, and other pests. The basic granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so that the workers have time to carry the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.[38] Baits for slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and household pets.[39]

An article in Scientific American in 1885 described effective elimination of a cockroach infestation using fresh cucumber peels.[40]

Bait being placed in a rodent bait box.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance to this anticoagulant, and difenacoum may be substituted. These are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up regularly.[38] Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves[41] and birds of prey.[42] Poisoned carcasses however kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.[41] Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.[43]

Fumigation

[edit]
Tent fumigation of a house in the United States

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests such as wood-boring beetles by sealing it or surrounding it with an airtight cover such as a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 24–72 hours. This is costly and inconvenient as the structure cannot be used during the treatment, but it targets all life stages of pests.[44]

An alternative, space treatment, is fogging or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most work within the building to continue, at the cost of reduced penetration. Contact insecticides are generally used to minimize long-lasting residual effects.[44]

Sterilization

[edit]

Populations of pest insects can sometimes be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is particularly useful where a female only mates once and where the insect does not disperse widely.[45] This technique has been successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, some species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.[46]

To chemically sterilize pests using chemosterilants, laboratory studies conducted using U-5897 (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) attempted in the early 1970s for rat control, although these proved unsuccessful.[47] In 2013, New York City tested sterilization traps,[48] demonstrating a 43% reduction in rat populations.[48] The product ContraPest was approved for the sterilization of rodents by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in August 2016 as a chemosterilant.[49]

Insulation

[edit]

Boron, a known pesticide can be impregnated into the paper fibers of cellulose insulation at certain levels to achieve a mechanical kill factor for self-grooming insects such as ants, cockroaches, termites, and more. The addition of insulation into the attic and walls of a structure can provide control of common pests in addition to known insulation benefits such a robust thermal envelope and acoustic noise-canceling properties. The EPA regulates this type of general-use pesticide within the United States allowing it to only be sold and installed by licensed pest management professionals as part of an integrated pest management program.[50] Simply adding Boron or an EPA-registered pesticide to an insulation does not qualify it as a pesticide. The dosage and method must be carefully controlled and monitored.

Methods for specific pests

[edit]

Rodent control

[edit]
Urban rodent control
[edit]

Rodent control is vital in cities.[51]: 133  New York City and cities across the state dramatically reduced their rodent populations in the early 1970s.[51]: 133  Rio de Janeiro claims a reduction of 80% over only 2 years shortly thereafter.[51]: 133  To better target efforts, London began scientifically surveying populations in 1972 and this was so useful that all Local Authorities in England and Wales soon followed.[51]: 133 

Natural rodent control
[edit]
Brown rat infestation

Several wildlife rehabilitation organizations encourage natural form of rodent control through exclusion and predator support and preventing secondary poisoning altogether.[52] The United States Environmental Protection Agency notes in its Proposed Risk Mitigation Decision for Nine Rodenticides that "without habitat modification to make areas less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from recolonizing the habitat."[53] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has prescribed guidelines for natural rodent control[54] and for safe trapping in residential areas with subsequent release to the wild.[55] People sometimes attempt to limit rodent damage using repellents. Balsam fir oil from the tree Abies balsamea is an EPA approved non-toxic rodent repellent.[56] Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha root emits chemical compounds that repel animals including rats.[57][58]

Pantry pests

[edit]
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, attacks stored grain products worldwide.

Insect pests including the Mediterranean flour moth, the Indian mealmoth, the cigarette beetle, the drugstore beetle, the confused flour beetle, the red flour beetle, the merchant grain beetle, the sawtoothed grain beetle, the wheat weevil, the maize weevil and the rice weevil infest stored dry foods such as flour, cereals and pasta.[59][60]

In the home, foodstuffs found to be infested are usually discarded, and storing such products in sealed containers should prevent the problem from reoccurring. The eggs of these insects are likely to go unnoticed, with the larvae being the destructive life stage, and the adult the most noticeable stage.[60] Since pesticides are not safe to use near food, alternative treatments such as freezing for four days at 0 °F (−18 °C) or baking for half an hour at 130 °F (54 °C) should kill any insects present.[61]

Clothes moths

[edit]
Larva, pupa and adult clothes moth Tineola bisselliella with characteristic damage to fabric

The larvae of clothes moths (mainly Tineola bisselliella and Tinea pellionella) feed on fabrics and carpets, particularly those that are stored or soiled. The adult females lay batches of eggs on natural fibres, including wool, silk, and fur, as well as cotton and linen in blends. The developing larvae spin protective webbing and chew into the fabric, creating holes and specks of excrement. Damage is often concentrated in concealed locations, under collars and near seams of clothing, in folds and crevices in upholstery and round the edges of carpets as well as under furniture.[62] Methods of control include using airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals; mothballs contain volatile insect repellents such as 1,4-Dichlorobenzene which deter adults, but to kill the larvae, permethrin, pyrethroids or other insecticides may need to be used.[62]

Carpet beetles

[edit]

Carpet beetles are members of the family Dermestidae, and while the adult beetles feed on nectar and pollen, the larvae are destructive pests in homes, warehouses, and museums. They feed on animal products including wool, silk, leather, fur, the bristles of hair brushes, pet hair, feathers, and museum specimens. They tend to infest hidden locations and may feed on larger areas of fabrics than do clothes moths, leaving behind specks of excrement and brown, hollow, bristly-looking cast skins.[63] Management of infestations is difficult and is based on exclusion and sanitation where possible, resorting to pesticides when necessary. The beetles can fly in from outdoors and the larvae can survive on lint fragments, dust, and inside the bags of vacuum cleaners. In warehouses and museums, sticky traps baited with suitable pheromones can be used to identify problems, and heating, freezing, spraying the surface with insecticide, and fumigation will kill the insects when suitably applied. Susceptible items can be protected from attack by keeping them in clean airtight containers.[63]

Bookworms

[edit]

Books are sometimes attacked by cockroaches, silverfish,[64] book mites, booklice,[65] and various beetles which feed on the covers, paper, bindings and glue. They leave behind physical damage in the form of tiny holes as well as staining from their faeces.[64] Book pests include the larder beetle, and the larvae of the black carpet beetle and the drugstore beetle which attack leather-bound books, while the common clothes moth and the brown house moth attack cloth bindings. These attacks are largely a problem with historic books, because modern bookbinding materials are less susceptible to this type of damage.[66]

Evidence of attack may be found in the form of tiny piles of book-dust and specks of frass. Damage may be concentrated in the spine, the projecting edges of pages and the cover. Prevention of attack relies on keeping books in cool, clean, dry positions with low humidity, and occasional inspections should be made. Treatment can be by freezing for lengthy periods, but some insect eggs are very resistant and can survive for long periods at low temperatures.[64]

Beetles

[edit]
House timber split open to reveal larvae of the house longhorn beetle, Hylotrupes bajulus, in their burrows, which are partially filled with frass

Various beetles in the Bostrichoidea superfamily attack the dry, seasoned wood used as structural timber in houses and to make furniture. In most cases, it is the larvae that do the damage; these are invisible from the outside of the timber but are chewing away at the wood in the interior of the item. Examples of these are the powderpost beetles, which attack the sapwood of hardwoods, and the furniture beetles, which attacks softwoods, including plywood. The damage has already been done by the time the adult beetles bore their way out, leaving neat round holes behind them. The first that a householder knows about the beetle damage is often when a chair leg breaks off or a piece of structural timber caves in. Prevention is possible through chemical treatment of the timber prior to its use in construction or in furniture manufacturing.[67]

Termites

[edit]

Termites with colonies in close proximity to houses can extend their galleries underground and make mud tubes to enter homes. The insects keep out of sight and chew their way through structural and decorative timbers, leaving the surface layers intact, as well as through cardboard, plastic and insulation materials. Their presence may become apparent when winged insects appear and swarm in the home in spring. Regular inspection of structures by a trained professional may help detect termite activity before the damage becomes substantial.;[68] Inspection and monitoring of termites is important because termite alates (winged reproductives) may not always swarm inside a structure. Control and extermination is a professional job involving trying to exclude the insects from the building and trying to kill those already present. Soil-applied liquid termiticides provide a chemical barrier that prevents termites from entering buildings, and lethal baits can be used; these are eaten by foraging insects, and carried back to the nest and shared with other members of the colony, which goes into slow decline.[69]

Mosquitoes

[edit]
Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) biting a human

Mosquitoes are midge-like flies in the family Culicidae. Females of most species feed on blood and some act as vectors for malaria and other diseases. Historically they have been controlled by use of DDT and other chemical means, but since the adverse environmental effects of these insecticides have been realized, other means of control have been attempted. The insects rely on water in which to breed and the first line of control is to reduce possible breeding locations by draining marshes and reducing accumulations of standing water. Other approaches include biological control of larvae by the use of fish or other predators, genetic control, the introduction of pathogens, growth-regulating hormones, the release of pheromones and mosquito trapping.[70]

On airfields

[edit]
Jet engine fan blades damaged by bird strike

Birds are a significant hazard to aircraft, but it is difficult to keep them away from airfields. Several methods have been explored. Stunning birds by feeding them a bait containing stupefying substances has been tried,[71] and it may be possible to reduce their numbers on airfields by reducing the number of earthworms and other invertebrates by soil treatment.[71] Leaving the grass long on airfields rather than mowing it is also a deterrent to birds.[72] Sonic nets are being trialled; these produce sounds that birds find distracting and seem effective at keeping birds away from affected areas.[73]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Elliott, N. C., Farrell, J. A., Gutierrez, A. P., van Lenteren, J. C., Walton, M. P., & Wratten, S. (1995). Integrated pest management. Springer Science & Business Media.
  2. ^ Dent, D., & Binks, R. H. (2020). Insect pest management. Cabi.
  3. ^ Flint, M. L., & Van den Bosch, R. (2012). Introduction to integrated pest management. Springer Science & Business Media.
  4. ^ Gerozisis, J., Hadlington, P. W., & Staunton, I. (2008). Urban pest management in Australia. UNSW Press.
  5. ^ Taylor, D., The Complete Contented Cat: Your Ultimate Guide to Feline Fulfilment, David & Charles, 2011, p.9. Archived from the Original[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Beadle, Muriel (29 October 1979). Cat. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-25190-1.
  7. ^ Sherman, D.M., Tending Animals in the Global Village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 45.
  8. ^ Chrispeels, Maarten J.; Sadava, David E. (1994). Plants, Genes, and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-86720-871-9.
  9. ^ a b "The History of Integrated Pest Management". Cornell University. Retrieved 27 August 2017. which cites Orlob, G.B. (1973). "Ancient and medieval plant pathology". Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten. 26: 65–294.
  10. ^ a b van Emden, Helmut F. (1991). Pest Control. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-521-42788-3.
  11. ^ van Emden, H.F.; Service, M.W. (2004). Pest and Vector Control. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-521-01083-2.
  12. ^ Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (ed.). Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21801-7. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Augmentation: The Periodic Release of Natural Enemies". University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  14. ^ "Bacillus thuringienis Factsheet". Colorado State University. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  15. ^ "Agriotes sputator L. - Common Click Beetle (Wireworm)". Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  16. ^ Wright, R. j (1984). "Evaluation of crop rotation for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in commercial potato fields on Long Island". Journal of Economic Entomology. 77 (5): 1254–1259. doi:10.1093/jee/77.5.1254.
  17. ^ Shelton, A. M.; Badenes-Perez, F. R. (6 December 2005). "Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management". Annual Review of Entomology. 51 (1): 285–308. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959. PMID 16332213.
  18. ^ a b Holden, Matthew H.; Ellner, Stephen P.; Lee, Doo-Hyung; Nyrop, Jan P.; Sanderson, John P. (1 June 2012). "Designing an effective trap cropping strategy: the effects of attraction, retention and plant spatial distribution". Journal of Applied Ecology. 49 (3): 715–722. Bibcode:2012JApEc..49..715H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02137.x.
  19. ^ Hill, Dennis S. (1983). Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control. CUP Archive. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-521-24638-5.
  20. ^ Georghiou, G.P. (2012). Pest Resistance to Pesticides. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-4684-4466-7.
  21. ^ a b Carrington, Damian (29 June 2017). "Pesticides damage survival of bee colonies, landmark study shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  22. ^ "Pesticides". National Institute of Health Sciences. National Institute of Environmental Health. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  23. ^ "Toxicity of Pesticides". Pesticide Safety Education Program. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  24. ^ "Maximum Residue Levels". Plants. European Commission. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
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