Same-Day Dumpster Delivery

Orange Beach

You wouldn't want a fine for obstructing public pathways! Same-Day Dumpster Delivery This open-top container, with its rectangular footprint and convenient wheels, is perfect for both residential and commercial tasks.
Roll-off trucks need adequate space and a stable surface to safely unload the container.
The cost savings can be redirected towards other vital community projects or additional cleaning efforts.
As data reveals that nearly 90% of C&D waste comes from demolitions rather than construction itself, having a reliable waste management plan is crucial.
Benefits Over Short-Term RentalsLong-term rentals offer several advantages over short-term ones. If you're planning a renovation, consider Dumpster Rental Pricing to find the most cost-effective way to remove waste..

Storm Debris Cleanup Dumpster Rentals

Event Cleanup Dumpster Rentals

Sustainable Disposal OptionsUtilizing a dumpster doesn't mean neglecting sustainability practices altogether. Name When properties are left neglected, they often accumulate heaps of unwanted items and debris that need swift removal.

Plus, you won't find yourself scrambling to renew rentals every week!

Imagine starting your day knowing all your waste will be handled efficiently-what a relief!

As a round up: Finding the best dumpster rental company involves more than just comparing costs; it means understanding your project's unique needs and aligning them with what local providers offer in South Alabama.

Hook Lift vs.

Fire Damage Cleanup Dumpster Rentals

To put it short: Choose your location wisely-it's more critical than you might initially think! Instead of countless journeys back and forth to disposal sites, everything's conveniently collected in one go. On the other hand, standard roll-off trucks are better suited for larger bins that need straightforward placement onto solid ground. Orange Beach Don't just throw things haphazardly; efficient loading can prevent additional rentals and save both time and money. Dumpsters ensure that the project site remains clean and safe, minimizing hazards and potential legal issues related to improper waste disposal.

Whether it's fallen leaves from majestic oak trees or clippings from perfectly manicured lawns, the need to manage this waste efficiently is undeniable. A rented dumpster keeps everything contained until it's time for removal, creating a safer environment for everyone on the property. While some might think it's as simple as tossing them in the trash, that's not the case! Avoiding Common PitfallsSome folks might overlook important considerations such as local regulations or restrictions on what can be disposed of in roll-off containers.

Versatility at Its BestThe beauty of roll-off dumpsters lies in their versatility. On the flip side, trailer dumpsters can be more cost-effective for smaller jobs but may require multiple hauls if underestimated. Forget the hassle of making multiple trips to dispose of debris; with a dumpster rental, you have ample space right on site! Instead, consider specially designated facilities or recycling centers for such waste.

Enter dumpster rentals! Items like fluorescent lights or batteries often accompany larger appliances and must not end up in a landfill without proper treatment-it's not just environmentally sound but also legally required! Whether you're managing significant demolition operations or just clearing out some clutter in tight spaces will make all the difference in finding the right fit for efficient waste management solutions tailored specifically toward local needs. By understanding your options and being mindful of regulations, you can streamline your cleanup process efficiently and effectively.

Attic Cleanout Dumpster Rentals

By renting a dumpster, businesses in South Alabama can ensure they're adhering to these rules without a hitch. The Benefits of Using a Dumpster for Warehouse CleanoutsStreamlined Process for Waste ManagementWhen it comes to warehouse cleanouts in South Alabama, utilizing a dumpster can drastically simplify waste management. The Benefits of Renting a Dumpster for Landscaping ProjectsStreamlined Waste ManagementWhen tackling a landscaping project in South Alabama, the pile-up of debris can quickly become overwhelming. Types of Delivery TrucksWhen it comes to delivery trucks in South Alabama, you'll typically find two main types: Hook lift bins and Roll-off bins. Some materials from construction sites can't simply be tossed into any dumpster because they're hazardous or semi-hazardous according to the EPA's standards. You don't want anything getting in the way of a smooth drop-off. To put it short, opting for dumpster rentals can significantly ease the burdens of large-scale moving projects.

While some items might hold sentimental value or be suitable for donation, there's often a significant amount of debris that simply needs to be discarded. You wouldn't want to be caught off guard with a dumpster that can't handle hazardous waste or is too small for the job at hand. From researching options to ensuring flexibility and sustainability practices are in place, these steps will help you make an informed decision that'll keep your project running smoothly-not chaotically! Efficient Loading TechniquesBelieve it or not, how you load your dumpster makes a big difference! Avoiding Hazardous ItemsHere's something you might not know: certain components of old furniture can contain hazardous materials that aren't suitable for landfill disposal via dumpsters. Renting dumpsters ensures that such materials are properly sorted and disposed of in compliance with safety standards, significantly minimizing their impact on landfills.

The downside? Cost-Effective Waste ManagementWhile dealing with post-fire restoration, budget constraints are often top of mind. Opting for dumpster rentals can be more economical than multiple trips to disposal sites or relying on costly alternatives like incineration! Shop around various providers in South Alabama to find competitive pricing. And hey, nobody wants to deal with that back-breaking labor if they don't have to! To avoid unnecessary expenses, take stock of your debris and consult with your rental company about which size suits your needs best.

Environmental ResponsibilityThe use of dumpster rentals aids commercial property managers in meeting environmental standards. Efficient Waste ManagementYou won't find a more convenient option than these roll-off dumpsters when managing waste efficiently in South Alabama. Flexibility in SizesWhether you're dealing with minimal household items or massive amounts of construction debris, there's always a dumpster size that fits your needs perfectly. Their rugged design makes them suitable for handling heavy materials like concrete or metal scraps. Environmental ConsiderationsWaste disposal isn't just about getting rid of unwanted materials; it's about doing so responsibly. Dumpster rental companies usually stay abreast of local laws ensuring compliance in South Alabama's specific context.

To put it short, roll-off dumpster services in South Alabama offer more than just waste removal-they provide tailored solutions that accommodate various project needs efficiently. These items shouldn't end up in landfills where they could leach toxins into the environment. Not all projects require an open-top container; sometimes, a unit compatible with trash compactors is necessary. Plus, when you rent a dumpster from a local provider, you're contributing to better waste handling practices by ensuring that materials are sorted and disposed of properly. How to Avoid Extra Fees When Renting a DumpsterKnow What You're Throwing AwayWhen renting a dumpster in South Alabama, it's crucial to understand what you're discarding. Hook lift trucks use an arm with a hook to pick up smaller containers that are perfect for limited spaces or lighter loads.

Concrete Dumpster Rentals

Roll-off dumpsters come in different sizes, and choosing the right one can significantly impact your budget. This means property managers don't need to worry about compliance with complex government guidelines regarding hazardous materials like fluorescent lights or batteries found among C&D debris. Ignoring regulations isn't just risky; it could lead to fines or delays in your project timeline!

Not only does this reduce environmental impact, but it also promotes sustainable construction practices across the region. By selecting the appropriate size and considering environmentally friendly disposal options, you ensure a hassle-free experience without unnecessary waste accumulation or environmental harm!

It should be easily accessible to both you and the delivery truck driver. Without proper disposal solutions like those offered by South Alabama Dumpster Rentals, this waste could end up leaching harmful chemicals into our environment. Silverhill

Flood Damage Cleanup Dumpster Rentals
Flood Damage Cleanup Dumpster Rentals

These dumpsters come in various sizes to accommodate different projects, from small renovations to extensive construction work. They're perfect for smaller projects or situations where space is limited. scrap In effect, this means you're contributing positively to South Alabama's environment while efficiently managing waste disposal tasks! To put it short: A little planning goes a long way in ensuring your estate cleanout doesn't turn into an unexpected ordeal. Often, waste from these roll-offs is sorted through to ensure recyclable materials are processed accordingly while non-recyclables meet proper disposal methods. In South Alabama's bustling neighborhoods, this mobility can be a real game-changer. Also, remember that not every dumpster has an open top-some are designed for use with commercial compactors.
Smaller dumpsters are ideal for lighter loads, but if you've got bulky items or anticipate generating more waste than expected, opting for a larger container can save you multiple trips and additional costs down the line. It's not just about finding an empty space; you've got to consider accessibility and safety! Eco-Friendly DisposalAn often-overlooked aspect of using roll-off dumpsters is their contribution to eco-friendly disposal practices. Avoid placing dumpsters on public sidewalks or streets without proper permits because that's often against local regulations. With nearly a quarter of U. Always dispose of hazardous waste through designated facilities or recycling centers.
Environmental ConsiderationsIn South Alabama's humid climate, environmental factors shouldn't be ignored when placing your dumpster. If something isn't clear, ask questions upfront! The convenience of having ample space for all types of debris-from branches to broken pavement-ensures that your workflow remains uninterrupted. Here's where dumpster rentals make a difference! A cluttered site isn't just unsightly-it's downright dangerous. Electronic WasteE-waste isn't welcome in most roll-off dumpsters either.
With options ranging from hook lift bins to larger roll-off bins, there's no job too big or too small that can't be managed efficiently. Sustainability ConsiderationsAh, sustainability! The rectangular footprint ensures they fit neatly on driveways or other designated areas without taking up too much space! Also, consider potential obstacles like narrow driveways or tight corners that could make placing the container difficult. So next time you've got yard waste piling up in South Alabama, consider this hassle-free option before anything else crosses your mind. Same-Day Dumpster Delivery Plus, their mobility means they can be easily delivered and picked up as needed-talk about convenience!
Strategic Layering TechniquesOnce you've established a solid base, consider layering heavier items like bricks or concrete chunks next. Yard waste dumpster rentals provide an ideal solution, ensuring that your outdoor space remains clean and organized without the hassle of constant trips to the local landfill. Environmental ResponsibilityWhile recycling materials from construction and demolition may seem daunting due to processing costs, it remains essential. With flexible rental periods and sizes available throughout South Alabama, you're sure to find an option that fits both your budget and project scope without breaking the bank. Simplifying Regulatory ComplianceNavigating through regulations regarding C&D waste can be complicated. With this service in South Alabama, hesitation is not an option!

Dumpster Service Areas in South Alabama

So, consider what you'll be tossing out before making a choice. As the days grow longer and the weather more agreeable, people are eager to start renovation projects. Dumpsters provide an organized way to segregate hazardous, non-dangerous, and semi-hazardous waste, keeping your operations aligned with legal requirements. Choosing the Right SizeIt's crucial not to underestimate your yard waste needs when selecting a dumpster size.
Be Mindful of PlacementLocation matters more than you'd expect when placing your rented dumpster. The choice between these depends on the size and specific needs of your project. Materials like wood from broken furniture can sometimes be repurposed or donated if still in decent condition.
Handling Hazardous MaterialsWhile you're clearing out old appliances, remember some components need careful attention due to their hazardous nature. Cost-Effectiveness and FlexibilityWhile some might argue that investing in dumpster rentals seems costly at first glance, they actually offer significant savings over time. The Importance of Professional ServiceForeclosure cleanouts aren't just about removing trash-they're about restoring properties to their full potential.
Dumpster rentals play a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness and organization on-site, allowing construction teams to focus on their work without worrying about debris piling up. There's no need to wait for municipal services that might not meet your timeline-especially given their busy schedules. With tons of debris generated from tearing down structures, having a convenient place to dispose of waste is crucial.
When Is the Best Time of Year to Rent a Dumpster? In effect this means choosing dumpster rentals for storm cleanup in South Alabama is not just about convenience-it's about ensuring safety while being environmentally responsible without breaking the bank! Consider factors like seasonal weather conditions and local regulations while keeping an eye on holiday periods impacting service availability. Stapleton

Same-Day Dumpster Delivery
Construction waste causing substantial fugitive dust emission in a densely populated area in Hong Kong

Construction waste or debris is any kind of debris from the construction process. Different government agencies have clear definitions. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA defines construction and demolition materials as “debris generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.” Additionally, the EPA has categorized Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste into three categories:  non-dangerous, hazardous, and semi-hazardous.[1]

Of total construction and demolition (C&D) waste in the United States, 90% comes from the demolition of structures, while waste generated during construction accounts for less than 10%.[2] Construction waste frequently includes materials that are hazardous if disposed of in landfills. Such items include fluorescent lights, batteries, and other electrical equipment.[3]

When waste is created, options of disposal include exportation to a landfill, incineration, direct site reuse through integration into construction or as fill dirt, and recycling for a new use if applicable. In dealing with construction and demolition waste products, it is often hard to recycle and repurpose because of the cost of processing. Businesses recycling materials must compete with often the low cost of landfills and new construction commodities.[4] Data provided by 24 states reported that solid waste from construction and demolition (C&D) accounts for 23% of total waste in the U.S.[5] This is almost a quarter of the total solid waste produced by the United States. During construction a lot of this waste spends in a landfill leaching toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment. Results of a recent questionnaire demonstrate that although 95.71% of construction projects indicate that construction waste is problematic, only 57.14% of those companies collect any relevant data.[6]

Types of waste

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C&D Materials, construction and demolition materials, are materials used in and harvested from new building and civil engineer structures.[3] Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry. Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there is much opportunity for reducing this waste.[7]

There has been a massive increase in construction and demolition waste created over the last 30 years in the United States. In 1990, 135 million tons of construction and demolition debris by weight were created and had risen to 600 million tons by the year 2018. This is a 300% increase, but it is important to note that since 2015 the EPA has kept records of how the waste is disposed of. In 2018, 600 million tons of waste was created due to construction and demolition, and 143 million tons of it resides in landfills.[2] This means that about 76% of waste is now retained and repurposed in the industry, but there is still more waste being exported to landfills than the entire amount of waste created in 1990.

This unsustainable consumption of raw materials creates increasing business risks. This includes higher material costs or disruptions in the supply chains.[8] In 2010, the EPA created the Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Program Strategic Plan which marked a strategic shift by the EPA to move emphasis from broad resource recovery initiative to sustainable materials management. Since material management regulations largely exist at a state and local level, this is no real standard practice across the nation for responsible waste mitigation strategies for construction materials. The EPA aims to increase access to collection, processing, and recycling infrastructure in order to meet this issue head on.

Main causes of waste

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Construction waste can be categorized as follows: Design, Handling, Worker, Management, Site condition, Procurement and External.  These categories were derived from data collected from past research concerning the frequency of different types of waste noted during each type of these activities.[9] Examples of this type of waste are as follows:

Steel reinforcement

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Construction site in Amsterdam

Steel is used as reinforcement and structural integrity in the vast majority of construction projects. The main reasons steel is wasted on a site is due to irresponsible beam cutting and fabrication issues. The worst sites usually end up being the ones that do not have adequate design details and standards, which can result in waste due to short ends of bars being discarded due to improper planning of cuts.[10] Many companies now choose to purchase preassembled steel reinforcement pieces. This reduces waste by outsourcing the bar cutting to companies that prioritize responsible material use.

Concrete Mixer

Premixed concrete

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Premixed concrete has one of the lowest waste indices when compared to other building materials. Many site managers site the difficulties controlling concrete delivery amounts as a major issue in accurately quantifying concrete needed for a site. The deviations from actually constructed concrete slabs and beams and the design amounts necessary were found to be 5.4% and 2.7% larger than expected, respectively, when comparing the data from 30 Brazilian sites. Many of these issues were attributed to inadequate form layout or lack of precision in excavation for foundation piles. Additionally, site managers know that additional concrete may be needed, and they will often order excess material to not interrupt the concrete pouring.[10]

Pipes and wires

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It is often difficult to plan and keep track of all the pipes and wires on a site as they are used in so many different areas of a project, especially when electrical and plumbing services are routinely subcontracted. Many issues of waste arise in this area of the construction process because of poorly designed details and irresponsible cutting of pipes and wires leaving short, wasted pipes and wires.[10]

Improper material storage

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The second leading cause of construction waste production is improper material storage. Exposure to the elements and miss handling by persons are due to human error.[10] Part of this human error can lead to illegal dumping and illegal transportation volume of waste from a jobsite.[11]

Recycling, disposal and environmental impact

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Recycling and reuse of material

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Recycling Trucks

Most guidelines on C&D waste management follows the waste managing hierarchy framework. This framework involves a set of alternatives for dealing with waste arranged in descending order of preference. The waste hierarchy is a nationally and internationally accepted concept used to priorities and guide efforts to manage waste. Under the idea of Waste Hierarchy, there is the concept of the "3R's," often known as "reduce, reuse, recycle." Certain countries adopt different numbers of "R's." The European Union, for example, puts principal to the "4R" system which includes "Recovery" in order to reduce waste of materials.[12] Alternatives include prevention, energy recovery, (treatment) and disposal.

It is possible to recycle many elements of construction waste. Often roll-off containers are used to transport the waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also be recovered and recycled.

Landfilling

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Some certain components of construction waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled. Plasterboard is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas. Once broken down, Plasterboard poses a threat for increases Arsenic concentration Levels in its toxic inorganic form.[13] The traditional disposal way for construction waste is to send it to landfill sites. In the U.S., federal regulations now require groundwater monitoring, waste screening, and operator training, due to the environmental impact of waste in C&D landfills (CFR 1996).[14] Sending the waste directly to a landfill causes many problems:

Landfill

Incineration and health risks

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Where recycling is not an option, the disposal of construction waste and hazardous materials must be carried out according to legislation of relevant councils and regulatory bodies. The penalties for improper disposal of construction waste and hazardous waste, including asbestos, can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars for businesses and individuals.

Waste Incinerator

Waste-to-energy facilities burn more than 13% of solid municipal waste. The toxic fumes emitted by WTE plants can contain harmful chemicals such as mercury and other heavy metals, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and dioxins.

Dioxin was used as a waste oil in Times Beach, Missouri. Days after the chemicals were introduced to the community animals began dying. By the time the EPA deemed dioxins to be highly toxic in the 1980s, the CDC recommended the town be abandoned entirely due to contaminated waste products in the area. By 1985, the entire population of Times Beach had been relocated, prompting Missouri to build a new incinerator on the contaminated land. They continued to burn 265,000 tons of dioxin-contaminated waste until 1997.

Dioxins are a family of chemicals produced as a byproduct during the manufacturing of many pesticides and construction materials like carpeting and PVC. These chemicals exist in the environment attached to soil or dust particles that are invisible to the naked eye.

Dioxins break down slowly. It still threatens public health at low levels. Since industry has mostly stopped producing dioxins, one of the largest contributors releasing harmful dioxins left in the United States is waste incineration. Dioxins have been proven to cause cancer, reproductive and developmental issues, and immune system damage. Rates of cancer such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma rise significantly the closer one lives to the pollutants' source.[17]

Management strategies

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Waste management fees

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Waste management fees, under the 'polluter pays principle', can help mitigate levels of construction waste.[18] There is very little information on determining a waste management fee for construction waste created. Many models for this have been created in the past, but they are subjective and flawed. In 2019, a study method was proposed to optimize the construction waste management fee. The new model expands on previous ones by considering life-cycle costs of construction waste and weighs it against the willingness to improve construction waste management. The study was based out of China. China has a large waste management issue, and their landfills are mostly filled in urban areas. The results of the study indicated different waste management fees for metal, wood, and masonry waste as $9.30, $5.92, and $4.25, respectively. The cost of waste management per square meter, or just under 11 square feet, on average was found to be $0.12.[19] This type of waste management system requires top-down legislative action. It is not a choice the contractor has the luxury of making on his/her own.

Europe

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In the European Union (EU), there is now significant emphasis on recycling building materials and adopting a cradle-to-grave ideology when it comes to building design, construction, and demolition. Their suggestions are much clearer and easier at the local or regional level, depending on government structure. In the 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, they emphasize the benefits beyond financial gains for recycling such as job creation and reduced landfilling. They also emphasize the consideration of supply and demand geography; if the recycling plants are closer to urban areas than the aggregate quarries this can incentivize companies to use this recycled product even if it is not initially cheaper. In Austria, there are new improvements in the recycling of unusable wood products to be burnt in the creation of cement which offsets the carbon footprint of both products.[20]

The EU urges local authorities who issue demolition and renovation permits to ensure that a high-quality waste management plan is being followed, and they emphasize the need for post-demolition follow-ups in order to determine if the implemented plans are being followed. They also suggest the use of taxation to reduce the economic advantage of the landfills to create a situation where recycling becomes a reasonable choice financially. However, they do include the fact that the tax should only apply to recyclable waste materials. The main points of how the Europeans choose to address this issue of waste management is through the utilization of the tools given to a governing body to keep its people safe. Unlike in the United States, the EU's philosophy on waste management is not that it is an optional good thing to do when you can but a mandatory part of construction in the 21st century to ensure a healthy future for generations to follow.

Taxing landfill has been most effective in Belgium, Denmark and Austria, which have all decreased their landfill disposal by over 30% since introducing the tax. Denmark successfully cut its landfill use by over 80%, reaching a recycling rate over 60%. In the United Kingdom, all personnel performing builders or construction waste clearance are required by law to be working for a CIS registered business.[21] However, the waste generation in the UK continues to grow, but the rate of increase has slowed.[22]

 
A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway

United States

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The United States has no national landfill tax or fee, but many states and local governments collect taxes and fees on the disposal of solid waste. The California Department of Resource Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) was created in 2010 to address the growing C&D waste problem in the United States. CalRecycle aids in the creation of C&D waste diversion model ordinance in local jurisdictions. They also provide information and other educational material on alternative C&D waste facilities. They promote these ordinances by creating incentive programs to encourage companies to participate in the waste diversion practices. There are also available grants and loans to aid organizations in their waste reduction strategies.[22] According to a survey, financially incentivizing stakeholders to reduce construction waste demonstrates favorable results.  This information provides an alternative way to reduce the cost so that the industry is more careful in their project decisions from beginning to end.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Broujeni, Omrani, Naghavi, Afraseyabi (February 2016). "Construction and Demolition Waste Management (Tehran Case Study)". Journal of Solid Waste Technology & Management. 6 (6): 1249–1252. doi:10.5281/zenodo.225510 – via Environment Complete.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b US EPA, OLEM (2016-03-08). "Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  3. ^ a b "Construction and Demolition Materials". www.calrecycle.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  4. ^ Hubbe, Martin A. (2014-11-03). "What Next for Wood Construction/Demolition Debris?". BioResources. 10 (1): 6–9. doi:10.15376/biores.10.1.6-9. ISSN 1930-2126.
  5. ^ "Municipal Solid Waste and Construction & Demolition Debris | Bureau of Transportation Statistics". www.bts.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  6. ^ Tafesse, Girma, Dessalegn (March 2022). "Analysis of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of construction waste and management practices". Heliyon. 8 (3): e09169. Bibcode:2022Heliy...809169T. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09169. PMC 8971575. PMID 35368528.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Skoyles ER. Skoyles JR. (1987) Waste Prevention on Site. Mitchell Publishing, London. ISBN 0-7134-5380-X
  8. ^ Thibodeau, Kenneth (2007-07-02). "The Electronic Records Archives Program at the National Archives and Records Administration". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v12i7.1922. ISSN 1396-0466.
  9. ^ Nagapan, Rahman, Asmi (October 2011). "A Review of Construction Waste Cause Factors". ACRE 2011 Conference Paper – via researchgate.net.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d Formoso, Carlos T.; Soibelman, Lucio; De Cesare, Claudia; Isatto, Eduardo L. (2002-08-01). "Material Waste in Building Industry: Main Causes and Prevention". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 128 (4): 316–325. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)128:4(316). ISSN 0733-9364.
  11. ^ Liu, Jingkuang; Liu, Yedan; Wang, Xuetong (October 2020). "An environmental assessment model of construction and demolition waste based on system dynamics: a case study in Guangzhou". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27 (30): 37237–37259. Bibcode:2020ESPR...2737237L. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07107-5. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 31893359. S2CID 209509814.
  12. ^ Zhang, Chunbo; Hu, Mingming; Di Maio, Francesco; Sprecher, Benjamin; Yang, Xining; Tukker, Arnold (2022-01-10). "An overview of the waste hierarchy framework for analyzing the circularity in construction and demolition waste management in Europe". Science of the Total Environment. 803: 149892. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80349892Z. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149892. hdl:1887/3212790. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 34500281. S2CID 237468721.
  13. ^ Zhang, Jianye; Kim, Hwidong; Dubey, Brajesh; Townsend, Timothy (2017-01-01). "Arsenic leaching and speciation in C&D debris landfills and the relationship with gypsum drywall content". Waste Management. 59: 324–329. Bibcode:2017WaMan..59..324Z. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.023. ISSN 0956-053X. PMID 27838158.
  14. ^ Weber, Jang, Townsend, Laux (March 2002). "Leachate from Land Disposed Residential Construction Waste". Journal of Environmental Engineering. 128 (3): 237–244. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(237) – via ASCE Library.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "RECYCLING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES A Guide for Architects and Contractors" (PDF). April 2005.
  16. ^ "Construction Waste Management | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide". www.wbdg.org. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  17. ^ Rogers, Harvey W. (December 1995). "Incinerator air emissions: inhalation exposure perspectives". Journal of Environmental Health. 58 – via EBSCOhost.
  18. ^ Poon, C. S.; Yu, Ann T. W.; Wong, Agnes; Yip, Robin (2013-05-01). "Quantifying the Impact of Construction Waste Charging Scheme on Construction Waste Management in Hong Kong". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 139 (5): 466–479. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000631. hdl:10397/6714. ISSN 1943-7862.
  19. ^ Wang, Jiayuan; Wu, Huanyu; Tam, Vivian W. Y.; Zuo, Jian (2019). "Considering life-cycle environmental impacts and society's willingness for optimizing construction and demolition waste management fee: An empirical study of China". Journal of Cleaner Production. ISSN 0959-6526.
  20. ^ Anonymous (2018-09-18). "EU Construction and Demolition Waste Protocol and Guidelines". Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs - European Commission. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  21. ^ "Construction Industry Scheme (CIS)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  22. ^ a b Yu, A.; Poon, C.; Wong, A.; Yip, R.; Jaillon, L. (2013). "Impact of Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme on work practices at construction sites in Hong Kong". Waste Management. 33 (1): 138–146. Bibcode:2013WaMan..33..138Y. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.023. hdl:10397/6713. PMID 23122205. S2CID 20266040.
  23. ^ Mahpour & Mortaheb, Ph.D. (May 2018). "Financial-Based Incentive Plan to Reduce Construction Waste". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 144 (5): 04018029-1 to 04018029-10. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001461 – via ASCE Library.
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Japan's trash containers are divided into combustibles, cans/bottles/pet bottles and newspapers and magazines.
Recycling trash can in Natal, Brazil

A waste container, also known as a dustbin,[1] rubbish bin, trash can, garbage can, wastepaper basket, and wastebasket, among other names, is a type of container intended to store waste that is usually made out of metal or plastic. The words "rubbish", "basket" and "bin" are more common in British English usage; "trash" and "can" are more common in American English usage. "Garbage" may refer to food waste specifically (when distinguished from "trash") or to municipal solid waste in general. The word "dumpster" refers to a large outdoor waste container for garbage collectors to pick up the contents.

Designs

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A pedal bin of 1972
Automated waste container in South Korea

Trash cans are typically made of steel or plastic (most commonly polyethylene), although some are made of wood or wicker.

A pedal bin is a container with a lid operated by a foot pedal. Lillian Moller Gilbreth, an industrial engineer and efficiency expert,[2] invented the pedal bin in the 1920s for the disposal of kitchen waste. The foot pedal enables the user to open the lid without touching it with their hands.

In the 2010s, some bins have begun to include automated mechanisms such as a lid with infrared detection on the top of the can powered by batteries to open it rather than a foot pedal, freeing the user from touching the bin in any way. This helps prevent the bin lids becoming clogged with trash. These wastes containers are mostly made of stainless steel.[citation needed] Some bin models also include a small receptable for an air freshener.

Origins

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French

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Legislation surrounding waste receptacles was first introduced in France in an 1883 prefectural order signed by Eugène Poubelle, from whose name the French word for a waste receptacle comes. This order mandated the provision and collection of waste bins to each household in Paris. These bins were specified as having to be between 80 and 120 litres in volume and having a handle and a lid[citation needed]. Three waste bins were to be allocated to each household in order to sort refuse from reclaimable fibres such as paper and cloth and other reusable materials like ceramics, glasses and oyster shells.[3]

English

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Legislation setting out the responsibilities for the provision and collection of "receptacles for the temporary deposit and collection of dust ashes and rubbish" by local authorities in Britain was first set out in the Public Health Act 1875.[4] However, this did not mandate the use of them, leaving the decision to offer the service to local government instead.

Household collection

[edit]
Household waste container (specifically, a wheelie bin) in Berkshire, England

In many cities and towns, there is a public waste collection service which regularly collects household waste from outside buildings. The waste is loaded into a garbage truck and driven to a landfill, incinerator or crush facility to be disposed of.

In some areas, each household has multiple bins for different categories of rubbish (usually represented by colours) depending on its suitability for recycling, which will instead be routed to a recycling center.[5]

Roadside waste collection is often done by means of larger metal containers of varying designs, mostly called dumpsters in the US, and skips in the UK. However the functionalities of dumpsters and skips are somewhat different: while a skip is intended to be loaded onto a vehicle and transported, the contents of a dumpster are emptied into a garbage truck on site and the dumpster remains and its designated location.[6] Adding to this, there is another type of container known as a roll-off dumpster. This type is unique because it's designed for easy transportation and disposal of large amounts of waste. Roll-off dumpsters are set on a truck with a roll-off mechanism, allowing them to be rolled onto and off of the truck bed. This feature makes them particularly useful for large projects like construction, renovation, or extensive clean-ups where substantial amounts of waste are generated. They come in various sizes to accommodate different needs, and unlike regular dumpsters, they are open-topped for easier loading of large or irregularly shaped debris.

Public collection

[edit]
International symbol "Tidyman" used on packaging to remind people to dispose of it in a bin instead of littering

Public areas such as parks, often have litter bins placed to improve the social environment by encouraging people not to litter. Such bins in outdoor locations or other busy public areas are usually mounted to the ground or wall to discourage theft, and reduce vandalism, and to improve their appearance are sometimes deliberately artistic or cute.[7][8] In dense urban areas, trash is stored underground below the receptacle.[9] Many are lined with a plastic or paper bin bag to help contain liquids.

Metaphors

[edit]

The term "garbage can" is also used for a model of decision making, the "Garbage Can Model" of decision making. It is concerned with cases of decision making in great aggregate uncertainty which can cause decisions to arise that from a distant point of view might seem irrational.

A "trash can" metaphor is often used in computer operating system desktop environments as a place files can be moved for deletion.

In a workplace setting, a bin may be euphemistically called "the circular file", "the round file" or "the janitor's file". Whereas useful documents are filed in a filing cabinet, which is rectangular, junk mail and other worthless items are "filed" in the bin, which is often round.

The term "wastebasket" is occasionally used in taxonomy to refer to less formal (and often paraphyletic) groupings that pose problems in classification (e.g., the proposed order Insectivora is considered a "wastebasket taxon", as it groups small mammals that do not fit nicely into other taxa), and the Nilo-Saharan language family is sometimes called "Greenberg's wastebasket", as it was a grouping made by him to fit the languages of Africa that did not fall into the other groups, Afroasiatic, Niger–Congo, and Khoisan.

Examples

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Government of Hong Kong. "Civil Service Bureau".
  2. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, Taylor & Francis, p. 423, ISBN 978-1-57958-380-4
  3. ^ Jaggard, David (9 November 2010). "Waste Management in France: A History of the "Poubelle"". Paris Update. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  4. ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "Public Health Act 1875, Section 45 (as enacted)".
  5. ^ "Rubbish and recycling" Archived 2016-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, ccc.govt.nz
  6. ^ Chandrappa, R.; Das, D.B. (2012). Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 67–70. ISBN 978-3-642-28681-0. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  7. ^ Advertising On Trash Cans, Waste Receptacles, Recycle Bine - Custom trash cans with logos - YouTube, 22 January 2014, archived from the original on 2021-11-17
  8. ^ trash can advertising recycle bins advertising solutions
  9. ^ Shendruk, Amanada (5 August 2018). "Could NYC solve its trash problem with underground trash cans?". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 5 September 2018.
[edit]

 

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A roll-off being placed by a roll-off truck.

In North America, a roll-off is usually an open-top dumpster characterized by a rectangular footprint, utilizing wheels to facilitate rolling the dumpster in place. The container is designed to be transported by special roll-off trucks. There are two types of delivery trucks for the bins based on bin size, and they are: Hook lift bins and Roll-off bins.[1] Roll-offs are commonly used to contain loads of construction and demolition waste or other waste types. While most roll-off containers have a swinging door on the end for easier disposal of waste, some roll-off containers are not open-top and are used with commercial or industrial trash compactors.

Construction debris may originate from a building site where something is being built, renovated, or demolished. Roll-off dumpsters are also used for various jobs that need much material to be taken away. The material in the roll-off may be taken to a landfill, recycled or disposed/recovered of in some other way.

Size

[edit]

Roll-off containers have a rectangular footprint, typically determined by the size of typical trucks. Roll-off container sizes are determined by the amount of debris they can hold, measured in cubic yards.[2] Container sizes commonly found in the United States include 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 cubic yards, equivalent to approximately 7.65 m³, 11.47 m³, 15.29 m³, 22.94 m³, and 30.58 m³.[3][4] In other countries, these sizes span from 2 to 40 cubic meters, approximately ranging from 2.6 to 52.3 cubic yards.

While the roll-offs may be rented by volume, there may be weight limitations. Weight limits may be necessary to ensure compliance with road-use and safety laws and regulations. Most roll-off providers will have a weight limit for each container size. Containers loaded with more weight than allowed typically will not be hauled away due to safety reasons. Containers that are overloaded can result in damage to the roll-off truck and the road it drives on. The maximum weight is specified at the beginning of the job. In cases where the material to be disposed of is especially dense, such as dirt, rock, or concrete, a container with lower sidewalls is used. This is to help reduce the risk of exceeding the weight limit. The standard weight limit determined by the department of transportation is not to exceed ten (10) tons of debris. [citation needed]

Operation

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After the container is picked up, it is taken to a disposal facility where it is weighed before (gross) and after (tare) dumping. The difference is the net weight, and is used to calculate charges to the customer. For efficiency, some facilities pre-record weights of trucks and containers. This allows the tare weight to be looked up and eliminates the need for a second weighing.

Roll-offs are placed by roll-off trucks. As the roll-off truck raises its hydraulically operated bed, the roll-off container rolls off the bed. A cable is used to slowly lower the container. After the waste container is loaded, the roll-off truck pulls the filled container onto the roll-off truck with the cable and winch system. If the roll-off truck is not a winch system, then it is most likely a hook-lift system. A hook-lift system works by the truck extending a 90 degree arm with a hook on the end which hooks under a bar and gently lifts the dumpster onto the truck. Most hook-lift systems are on smaller roll-off trucks, as they are usually used for 20-yard containers and under. These smaller systems are usually the preferred option on smaller scale construction jobs such as roof replacement, kitchen remodels, and garage clean-outs. Smaller single-axle trucks are generally viewed as safer operations as they are much lighter and more easily transported in residential areas. When carried, the roll-off must be covered with a tarp.

Cost factors

[edit]

There are three parts to roll-off dumpster pricing: dump rate, haul rate, and overage fees. Dumpster rental companies pay the landfill, transfer station, recycling center, or other type of disposal facility a fee to dump the customer's waste. Fees fluctuate from area to area and facility to facility. Dump fees can be the majority of the cost for the dumpster, and are measured in short tons in the U.S. The haul rate is the rate that roll-off rental companies charge to cover operating costs and generate profit. Overage fees are additional fees the customer must pay if the dumpster is loaded more than the allotted tonnage limit. Overage fees are typically prorated and the same as the company's dump rate.

Disadvantages

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One problem often encountered with roll-off containers is the liability of scratching or damaging the surface they are placed on. Most roll-off containers have metal rollers for wheels, which can at times scratch or be abrasive to a concrete or asphalt surface. It is recommended to place a protective board such as plywood under the container to avoid a situation where the placement surface can be damaged. Most roll-off companies do not offer plywood, but will place the container on the wood if supplied. The roll-off must be placed on a hard surface other than dirt. Gravel, asphalt, and concrete are all acceptable. If the container is placed on dirt, the wheels may sink after a rainfall event and the truck could get stuck.

There are many items that are not accepted by roll-off rental companies. These items include but are not limited to chemicals, including paint and petroleum products, tires, and electronics. The prohibition of items is often to comply with laws and regulations concerning disposal of hazardous materials. Roll-off drivers may refuse to pick up loads containing prohibited materials. If the load is picked up, the roll-off rental company may charge the customer additional for cleaning the load and proper handling of the contaminating material.

[edit]

Some municipalities require that a permit be obtained in order to have a roll-off dumpster delivered. If the container is being set on private property, most cities will not require a permit. Some municipalities require the permit to be obtained by the customer, while others require the permit to be obtained by the roll-off provider. However, many cities do not require permits to have a dumpster delivered.

There are usually prohibited items that are commonly not allowed for disposal, such as hazardous materials, tires, freon appliances, televisions, paint, asbestos, batteries, oils, fuels, and tar-treated railroad ties because of regulations affecting final waste disposal.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "11 Things You Didn't Know About Renting a Dumpster". Bin Rental - Scarborough Disposal LTD. 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  2. ^ "Roll-Off Dumpster Rental Tips: Choosing Your Dumpster Size and More". rubbish-inc.com. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  3. ^ "Range of Dumpster Sizes | Dumpster Rentals". Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  4. ^ "Waste Truck Collection Systems". Truckworld Australia. TruckWorld.com.au. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  5. ^ "Items banned from disposal in the State of Vermont". State of Vermont. 2018. Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

 

 

A specialized trash collection truck providing regular municipal trash collection in a neighborhood in Stockholm, Sweden
Waste pickers burning e-waste in Agbogbloshie, a site near Accra in Ghana that processes large volumes of international electronic waste. The pickers burn the plastics off of materials and collect the metals for recycling, However, this process exposes pickers and their local communities to toxic fumes.
Containers for consumer waste collection at the Gdańsk University of Technology
A recycling and waste-to-energy plant for waste that is not exported

Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This includes the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, and economic mechanisms.

Waste can either be solid, liquid, or gases and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.[2] Health issues are associated with the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly: directly through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil, and food.[2] Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials.[3] Waste management is intended to reduce the adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment, planetary resources, and aesthetics.

The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment and human health. A big part of waste management deals with municipal solid waste, which is created by industrial, commercial, and household activity.[4]

Waste management practices are not the same across countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.[5]

Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported.[6] A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.[7] According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), municipal solid waste is expected to reach approximately 3.4 Gt by 2050; however, policies and lawmaking can reduce the amount of waste produced in different areas and cities of the world.[8] Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms[9] of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and import control[10][11] and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced.

In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management, and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires – or close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding", which motivated scientists often require.[12][13] Electronic waste (ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries, after the United States, the People's Republic of China, Japan and Germany.[14]

Effective 'Waste Management' involves the practice of '7R' - 'R'efuse, 'R'educe', 'R'euse, 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose, 'R'ecycle and 'R'ecover. Amongst these '7R's, the first two ('Refuse' and 'Reduce') relate to the non-creation of waste - by refusing to buy non-essential products and by reducing consumption. The next two ('Reuse' and 'Repair') refer to increasing the usage of the existing product, with or without the substitution of certain parts of the product. 'Repurpose' and 'Recycle' involve maximum usage of the materials used in the product, and 'Recover' is the least preferred and least efficient waste management practice involving the recovery of embedded energy in the waste material. For example, burning the waste to produce heat (and electricity from heat). Certain non-biodegradable products are also dumped away as 'Disposal', and this is not a "waste-'management'" practice.[15]

Principles of waste management

[edit]
Diagram of the waste hierarchy

Waste hierarchy

[edit]

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy is the bedrock of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste; see: resource recovery.[16][17] The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated, i.e., by re-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste that has not been prevented, diverted, or recovered.[18][page needed] The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.[19]

Life-cycle of a product

[edit]

The life-cycle of a product, often referred to as the product lifecycle, encompasses several key stages that begin with the design phase and proceed through manufacture, distribution, and primary use. After these initial stages, the product moves through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse, and recycle. Each phase in this lifecycle presents unique opportunities for policy intervention, allowing stakeholders to rethink the necessity of the product, redesign it to minimize its waste potential, and extend its useful life.

During the design phase, considerations can be made to ensure that products are created with fewer resources, are more durable, and are easier to repair or recycle. This stage is critical for embedding sustainability into the product from the outset. Designers can select materials that have lower environmental impacts and create products that require less energy and resources to produce.

Manufacturing offers another crucial point for reducing waste and conserving resources. Innovations in production processes can lead to more efficient use of materials and energy, while also minimizing the generation of by-products and emissions. Adopting cleaner production techniques and improving manufacturing efficiency can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of a product.

Distribution involves the logistics of getting the product from the manufacturer to the consumer. Optimizing this stage can involve reducing packaging, choosing more sustainable transportation methods, and improving supply chain efficiencies to lower the overall environmental impact. Efficient logistics planning can also help in reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transport of goods.

The primary use phase of a product's lifecycle is where consumers interact with the product. Policies and practices that encourage responsible use, regular maintenance, and the proper functioning of products can extend their lifespan, thus reducing the need for frequent replacements and decreasing overall waste.

Once the product reaches the end of its primary use, it enters the waste hierarchy's stages. The first stage, reduction, involves efforts to decrease the volume and toxicity of waste generated. This can be achieved by encouraging consumers to buy less, use products more efficiently, and choose items with minimal packaging.

The reuse stage encourages finding alternative uses for products, whether through donation, resale, or repurposing. Reuse extends the life of products and delays their entry into the waste stream.

Recycling, the final preferred stage, involves processing materials to create new products, thus closing the loop in the material lifecycle. Effective recycling programs can significantly reduce the need for virgin materials and the environmental impacts associated with extracting and processing those materials.

Product life-cycle analysis (LCA) is a comprehensive method for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life. By systematically assessing these impacts, LCA helps identify opportunities to improve environmental performance and resource efficiency. Through optimizing product designs, manufacturing processes, and end-of-life management, LCA aims to maximize the use of the world's limited resources and minimize the unnecessary generation of waste.

In summary, the product lifecycle framework underscores the importance of a holistic approach to product design, use, and disposal. By considering each stage of the lifecycle and implementing policies and practices that promote sustainability, it is possible to significantly reduce the environmental impact of products and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Resource efficiency

[edit]

Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to the last use and disposal.

Polluter-pays principle

[edit]

The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting parties pay for the impact on the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable materials.[20]

History

[edit]

Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low levels of population density and exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

However, some civilizations have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.[21][irrelevant citation]

Modern era

[edit]
Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population was influential in securing the passage of the first legislation aimed at waste clearance and disposal.

Following the onset of the Industrial Revolution, industrialisation, and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance regulations.[22] Calls for the establishment of municipal authority with waste removal powers occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in London proposed that "... as the preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and all the filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country".[23]

However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842[24] of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.

In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London.[25] The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city, and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in "moveable receptacles" for disposal—the first concept for a dustbin.[26] In the Ashanti Empire by the 19th century, there existed a Public Works Department that was responsible for sanitation in Kumasi and its suburbs. They kept the streets clean daily and commanded civilians to keep their compounds clean and weeded.[27]

Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor furnace. The use of incinerators for waste disposal became popular in the late 19th century.

The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, "destructors". In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred Fryer.[23] However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas.[28]

Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.[26]

Early garbage removal trucks were simply open-bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed-body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain.[29] These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.

Waste handling and transport

[edit]
Moulded plastic, wheeled waste bin in Berkshire, England

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies for industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have formal waste-collection systems.

Waste handling and transport

[edit]

Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often associated with curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas, waste may need to be taken to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility. In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America.

In some jurisdictions, unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into bio-gas and soil conditioners. In San Francisco, the local government established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in support of its goal of "Zero waste by 2020", requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside "Fantastic 3" bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The city's "Pay-As-You-Throw" system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The city's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the city to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America.[30] Other businesses such as Waste Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans. In addition, in some areas of the world the disposal of municipal solid waste can cause environmental strain due to official not having benchmarks that help measure the environmental sustainability of certain practices.[31]

Waste segregation

[edit]
Recycling point at the Gdańsk University of Technology

This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet waste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste that gets landfilled reduces considerably, resulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. Importantly, waste segregation should be based on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. This also makes it easier to apply different processes to the waste, like composting, recycling, and incineration. It is important to practice waste management and segregation as a community. One way to practice waste management is to ensure there is awareness. The process of waste segregation should be explained to the community.[32]

Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal obligations, cost savings, and protection of human health and the environment. Institutions should make it as easy as possible for their staff to correctly segregate their waste. This can include labelling, making sure there are enough accessible bins, and clearly indicating why segregation is so important.[33] Labeling is especially important when dealing with nuclear waste due to how much harm to human health the excess products of the nuclear cycle can cause.[34]

Hazards of waste management

[edit]

There are multiple facets of waste management that all come with hazards, both for those around the disposal site and those who work within waste management. Exposure to waste of any kind can be detrimental to the health of the individual, primary conditions that worsen with exposure to waste are asthma and tuberculosis.[35] The exposure to waste on an average individual is highly dependent on the conditions around them, those in less developed or lower income areas are more susceptible to the effects of waste product, especially though chemical waste.[36] The range of hazards due to waste is extremely large and covers every type of waste, not only chemical. There are many different guidelines to follow for disposing different types of waste.[37]

Diagram showing the multiple ways that incineration is hazardous to the population

The hazards of incineration are a large risk to many variable communities, including underdeveloped countries and countries or cities with little space for landfills or alternatives. Burning waste is an easily accessible option for many people around the globe, it has even been encouraged by the World Health Organization when there is no other option.[38] Because burning waste is rarely paid attention to, its effects go unnoticed. The release of hazardous materials and CO2 when waste is burned is the largest hazard with incineration.[39]

Financial models

[edit]

In most developed countries, domestic waste disposal is funded from a national or local tax which may be related to income, or property values. Commercial and industrial waste disposal is typically charged for as a commercial service, often as an integrated charge which includes disposal costs. This practice may encourage disposal contractors to opt for the cheapest disposal option such as landfill rather than the environmentally best solution such as re-use and recycling.

Financing solid waste management projects can be overwhelming for the city government, especially if the government see it as an important service they should render to the citizen. Donors and grants are a funding mechanism that is dependent on the interest of the donor organization. As much as it is a good way to develop a city's waste management infrastructure, attracting and utilizing grants is solely reliant on what the donor considers important. Therefore, it may be a challenge for a city government to dictate how the funds should be distributed among the various aspect of waste management.[40]

An example of a country that enforces a waste tax is Italy. The tax is based on two rates: fixed and variable. The fixed rate is based on the size of the house while the variable is determined by the number of people living in the house.[41]

The World Bank finances and advises on solid waste management projects using a diverse suite of products and services, including traditional loans, results-based financing, development policy financing, and technical advisory. World Bank-financed waste management projects usually address the entire lifecycle of waste right from the point of generation to collection and transportation, and finally treatment and disposal.[6]

Disposal methods

[edit]

Landfill

[edit]
A landfill in Łubna, Poland in 1999

A landfill[a] is a site for the disposal of waste materials. It is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, waste was simply left in piles or thrown into pits (known in archeology as middens).

Landfills take up a lot of land and pose environmental risks. Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during an earthquake. Once full, the area over a landfill site may be reclaimed for other uses.
A landfill compaction vehicle in action.
Spittelau incineration plant in Vienna

Incineration

[edit]
Tarastejärvi Incineration Plant in Tampere, Finland

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for the disposal of both municipal solid waste and solid residue from wastewater treatment. This process reduces the volume of solid waste by 80 to 95 percent.[42] Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as the emission of gaseous pollutants including substantial quantities of carbon dioxide.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as the facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam, or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and PAHs, which may be created and which may have serious environmental consequences and some heavy metals such as mercury[43] and lead which can be volatilised in the combustion process..

Recycling

[edit]
Steel crushed and baled for recycling

Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash. There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with so many new technologies making even more materials recyclable, it is possible to clean up the Earth.[44] Recycling not only benefits the environment but also positively affects the economy. The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products.[45] Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling".[46][47]

A recycling point in Lappajärvi, Finland

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.

The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. Some of the types of recycling include waste paper and cardboard, plastic recycling, metal recycling, electronic devices, wood recycling, glass recycling, cloth and textile and so many more.[48] In July 2017, the Chinese government announced an import ban of 24 categories of recyclables and solid waste, including plastic, textiles and mixed paper, placing tremendous impact on developed countries globally, which exported directly or indirectly to China.[49]

Re-use

[edit]

Biological reprocessing

[edit]
An active compost heap

Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. There are different types of composting and digestion methods and technologies. They vary in complexity from simple home compost heaps to large-scale industrial digestion of mixed domestic waste. The different methods of biological decomposition are classified as aerobic or anaerobic methods. Some methods use the hybrids of these two methods. The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than landfill, or incineration.[50] The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery).

Energy recovery

[edit]

Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery.[51] This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills.[51] Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management.[52]

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid, and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high-temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).

Pyrolysis

[edit]

Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels.[53] Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric quantities of oxygen; the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases.[54] During pyrolysis, the molecules of an object vibrate at high frequencies to the extent that molecules start breaking down. The rate of pyrolysis increases with temperature. In industrial applications, temperatures are above 430 °C (800 °F).[55]

Slow pyrolysis produces gases and solid charcoal.[56] Pyrolysis holds promise for conversion of waste biomass into useful liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of waste wood and plastics can potentially produce fuel. The solids left from pyrolysis contain metals, glass, sand, and pyrolysis coke which does not convert to gas. Compared to the process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes release less harmful by-products that contain alkali metals, sulphur, and chlorine. However, pyrolysis of some waste yields gases which impact the environment such as HCl and SO2.[57]

Resource recovery

[edit]

Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use.[58] It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy.[59] These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility.[59] Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost-effective.[60] It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources.[60]

Resource recovery, an alternative approach to traditional waste management, utilizes life cycle analysis (LCA) to evaluate and optimize waste handling strategies. Comprehensive studies focusing on mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) have identified a preferred pathway for maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact, including effective waste administration and management, source separation of waste materials, efficient collection systems, reuse and recycling of non-organic fractions, and processing of organic material through anaerobic digestion.

As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many items thrown away contain metals that can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Wood chippings in pallets and other packaging materials can be recycled into useful products for horticulture. The recycled chips can cover paths, walkways, or arena surfaces.

Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of benefits including:

  1. Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment, and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.
  2. Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health through proper waste management practices, the resulting consequences are more appealing to civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lift communities out of poverty, especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities.
  3. Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing, recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
  4. Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practices can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.[18][page needed]

Waste valorization

[edit]
 

Waste valorization, beneficial reuse, beneficial use, value recovery or waste reclamation[61] is the process of waste products or residues from an economic process being valorized (given economic value), by reuse or recycling in order to create economically useful materials.[62][61][63] The term comes from practices in sustainable manufacturing and economics, industrial ecology and waste management. The term is usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for another industrial process.[61][63] Industrial wastes in particular are good candidates for valorization because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other waste, such as household waste.[61][64]

Historically, most industrial processes treated waste products as something to be disposed of, causing industrial pollution unless handled properly.[65] However, increased regulation of residual materials and socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about sustainable development and circular economy in the 1990s and 2000s increased focus on industrial practices to recover these resources as value add materials.[65][66] Academics focus on finding economic value to reduce environmental impact of other industries as well, for example the development of non-timber forest products to encourage conservation.

Liquid waste-management

[edit]

Liquid waste is an important category of waste management because it is so difficult to deal with. Unlike solid wastes, liquid wastes cannot be easily picked up and removed from an environment. Liquid wastes spread out, and easily pollute other sources of liquid if brought into contact. This type of waste also soaks into objects like soil and groundwater. This in turn carries over to pollute the plants, the animals in the ecosystem, as well as the humans within the area of the pollution.[67]

Industrial wastewater

[edit]
 
Wastewater from an industrial process can be converted at a treatment plant to solids and treated water for reuse.

Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.[68]: 1412  This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or nutrients such as ammonia.[69]: 180  Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.[70]: 60 

Most industries produce some wastewater. Recent trends have been to minimize such production or to recycle treated wastewater within the production process. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants.[71] Sources of industrial wastewater include battery manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, electric power plants, food industry, iron and steel industry, metal working, mines and quarries, nuclear industry, oil and gas extraction, petroleum refining and petrochemicals, pharmaceutical manufacturing, pulp and paper industry, smelters, textile mills, industrial oil contamination, water treatment and wood preserving. Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalis, and removal of toxic materials.

Sewage sludge treatment

[edit]
 
Sludge treatment in anaerobic digesters at a sewage treatment plant in Cottbus, Germany

Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment. Sludge treatment is focused on reducing sludge weight and volume to reduce transportation and disposal costs, and on reducing potential health risks of disposal options. Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction, while pathogen destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic digestion, composting, or incineration. The choice of a sludge treatment method depends on the volume of sludge generated, and comparison of treatment costs required for available disposal options. Air-drying and composting may be attractive to rural communities, while limited land availability may make aerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering preferable for cities, and economies of scale may encourage energy recovery alternatives in metropolitan areas.

Sludge is mostly water with some amounts of solid material removed from liquid sewage. Primary sludge includes settleable solids removed during primary treatment in primary clarifiers. Secondary sludge is sludge separated in secondary clarifiers that are used in secondary treatment bioreactors or processes using inorganic oxidizing agents. In intensive sewage treatment processes, the sludge produced needs to be removed from the liquid line on a continuous basis because the volumes of the tanks in the liquid line have insufficient volume to store sludge.[72] This is done in order to keep the treatment processes compact and in balance (production of sludge approximately equal to the removal of sludge). The sludge removed from the liquid line goes to the sludge treatment line. Aerobic processes (such as the activated sludge process) tend to produce more sludge compared with anaerobic processes. On the other hand, in extensive (natural) treatment processes, such as ponds and constructed wetlands, the produced sludge remains accumulated in the treatment units (liquid line) and is only removed after several years of operation.[73]

Sludge treatment options depend on the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most often applied to small-scale plants with aerobic digestion for mid-sized operations, and anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale operations. The sludge is sometimes passed through a so-called pre-thickener which de-waters the sludge. Types of pre-thickeners include centrifugal sludge thickeners,[74] rotary drum sludge thickeners and belt filter presses.[75] Dewatered sludge may be incinerated or transported offsite for disposal in a landfill or use as an agricultural soil amendment.[76]

Energy may be recovered from sludge through methane gas production during anaerobic digestion or through incineration of dried sludge, but energy yield is often insufficient to evaporate sludge water content or to power blowers, pumps, or centrifuges required for dewatering. Coarse primary solids and secondary sewage sludge may include toxic chemicals removed from liquid sewage by sorption onto solid particles in clarifier sludge. Reducing sludge volume may increase the concentration of some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge.[77]

Avoidance and reduction methods

[edit]

An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Waste minimization is reducing the quantity of hazardous wastes achieved through a thorough application of innovative or alternative procedures.[78] Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new ones, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging,[79] and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans).[80]

International waste trade

[edit]
 

The global waste trade is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal, or recycling. Toxic or hazardous wastes are often imported by developing countries from developed countries.

The World Bank Report What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, describes the amount of solid waste produced in a given country. Specifically, countries which produce more solid waste are more economically developed and more industrialized.[81] The report explains that "Generally, the higher the economic development and rate of urbanization, the greater the amount of solid waste produced."[81] Therefore, countries in the Global North, which are more economically developed and urbanized, produce more solid waste than Global South countries.[81]

Current international trade flows of waste follow a pattern of waste being produced in the Global North and being exported to and disposed of in the Global South. Multiple factors affect which countries produce waste and at what magnitude, including geographic location, degree of industrialization, and level of integration into the global economy.

Numerous scholars and researchers have linked the sharp increase in waste trading and the negative impacts of waste trading to the prevalence of neoliberal economic policy.[82][83][84][85] With the major economic transition towards neoliberal economic policy in the 1980s, the shift towards "free-market" policy has facilitated the sharp increase in the global waste trade. Henry Giroux, Chair of Cultural Studies at McMaster University, gives his definition of neoliberal economic policy:

"Neoliberalism ...removes economics and markets from the discourse of social obligations and social costs. ...As a policy and political project, neoliberalism is wedded to the privatization of public services, selling off of state functions, deregulation of finance and labor, elimination of the welfare state and unions, liberalization of trade in goods and capital investment, and the marketization and commodification of society."[86]

Given this economic platform of privatization, neoliberalism is based on expanding free-trade agreements and establishing open-borders to international trade markets. Trade liberalization, a neoliberal economic policy in which trade is completely deregulated, leaving no tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on international trade, is designed to further developing countries' economies and integrate them into the global economy. Critics claim that although free-market trade liberalization was designed to allow any country the opportunity to reach economic success, the consequences of these policies have been devastating for Global South countries, essentially crippling their economies in a servitude to the Global North.[87] Even supporters such as the International Monetary Fund, “progress of integration has been uneven in recent decades.”[88] Specifically, developing countries have been targeted by trade liberalization policies to import waste as a means of economic expansion.[89] The guiding neoliberal economic policy argues that the way to be integrated into the global economy is to participate in trade liberalization and exchange in international trade markets.[89] Their claim is that smaller countries, with less infrastructure, less wealth, and less manufacturing ability, should take in hazardous wastes as a way to increase profits and stimulate their economies.[89]

Challenges in developing countries

[edit]

Areas with developing economies often experience exhausted waste collection services and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites. The problems are worsening.[18][page needed][90] Problems with governance complicate the situation. Waste management in these countries and cities is an ongoing challenge due to weak institutions, chronic under-resourcing, and rapid urbanization.[18][page needed] All of these challenges, along with the lack of understanding of different factors that contribute to the hierarchy of waste management, affect the treatment of waste.[91][full citation needed]

In developing countries, waste management activities are usually carried out by the poor, for their survival. It has been estimated that 2% of the population in Asia, Latin America, and Africa are dependent on waste for their livelihood. Family organized, or individual manual scavengers are often involved with waste management practices with very little supportive network and facilities with increased risk of health effects. Additionally, this practice prevents their children from further education. The participation level of most citizens in waste management is very low, residents in urban areas are not actively involved in the process of waste management.[92]

Technologies

[edit]

Traditionally, the waste management industry has been a late adopter of new technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.[93] This technology has been used widely by many organizations in some industrialized countries. Radiofrequency identification is a tagging system for automatic identification of recyclable components of municipal solid waste streams.[94]

Smart waste management has been implemented in several cities, including San Francisco, Varde or Madrid.[95] Waste containers are equipped with level sensors. When the container is almost full, the sensor warns the pickup truck, which can thus trace its route servicing the fullest containers and skipping the emptiest ones.[96]

[edit]

The "Global Waste Management Outlook 2024," supported by the Environment Fund - UNEP’s core financial fund, and jointly published with the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), provides a comprehensive update on the trajectory of global waste generation and the escalating costs of waste management since 2018. The report predicts municipal solid waste to rise from 2.3 billion tonnes in 2023 to 3.8 billion tonnes by 2050. The direct global cost of waste management was around USD 252 billion in 2020, which could soar to USD 640.3 billion annually by 2050 if current practices continue without reform. Incorporating life cycle assessments, the report contrasts scenarios from maintaining the status quo to fully adopting zero waste and circular economy principles. It indicates that effective waste prevention and management could cap annual costs at USD 270.2 billion by 2050, while a circular economy approach could transform the sector into a net positive, offering a potential annual gain of USD 108.5 billion. To prevent the direst outcomes, the report calls for immediate action across multiple sectors, including development banks, governments, municipalities, producers, retailers, and citizens, providing targeted strategies for waste reduction and improved management practices.[97]

Waste generated by country, 2020[98]
Country GDP (USD) Population Total waste generated (t) Share of population living in urban areas Waste generated per capita (kg/person)
 Aruba 35,563 103,187 88,132 44% 854
 Afghanistan 2,057 34,656,032 5,628,525 26% 162
 Angola 8,037 25,096,150 4,213,644 67% 168
 Albania 13,724 2,854,191 1,087,447 62% 381
 Andorra 43,712 82,431 43,000 88% 522
 United Arab Emirates 67,119 9,770,529 5,617,682 87% 575
 Argentina 23,550 42,981,516 17,910,550 92% 417
 Armenia 11,020 2,906,220 492,800 63% 170
 American Samoa 11,113 55,599 18,989 87% 342
 Antigua and Barbuda 17,966 96,777 30,585 24% 316
 Australia 47,784 23,789,338 13,345,000 86% 561
 Austria 56,030 8,877,067 5,219,716 59% 588
 Azerbaijan 14,854 9,649,341 2,930,349 56% 304
 Burundi 840 6,741,569 1,872,016 14% 278
 Belgium 51,915 11,484,055 4,765,883 98% 415
 Benin 2,227 5,521,763 685,936 48% 124
 Burkina Faso 1,925 18,110,624 2,575,251 31% 142
 Bangladesh 3,196 155,727,056 14,778,497 38% 95
 Bulgaria 22,279 7,025,037 2,859,190 76% 407
 Bahrain 47,938 1,425,171 951,943 90% 668
 Bahamas 35,400 386,838 264,000 83% 682
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12,671 3,535,961 1,248,718 49% 353
 Belarus 18,308 9,489,616 4,280,000 79% 451
 Belize 7,259 359,288 101,379 46% 282
 Bermuda 80,982 64,798 82,000 100% 1,265
 Bolivia 7,984 10,724,705 2,219,052 70% 207
 Brazil 14,596 208,494,896 79,069,584 87% 379
 Barbados 15,445 280,601 174,815 31% 623
 Brunei 60,866 423,196 216,253 78% 511
 Bhutan 6,743 686,958 111,314 42% 162
 Botswana 14,126 2,014,866 210,854 71% 105
 Central African Republic 823 4,515,392 1,105,983 42% 245
 Canada 47,672 35,544,564 25,103,034 82% 706
  Switzerland 68,394 8,574,832 6,079,556 74% 709
 Channel Islands 46,673 164,541 178,933 31% 1,087
 Chile 20,362 16,829,442 6,517,000 88% 387
 China 16,092 1,400,050,048 395,081,376 61% 282
 Côte d'Ivoire 3,661 20,401,332 4,440,814 52% 218
 Cameroon 3,263 21,655,716 3,270,617 58% 151
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,056 78,736,152 14,385,226 46% 183
 Republic of the Congo 4,900 2,648,507 451,200 68% 170
 Colombia 12,523 46,406,648 12,150,120 81% 262
 Comoros 2,960 777,424 91,013 29% 117
 Cape Verde 6,354 513,979 132,555 67% 258
 Costa Rica 18,169 4,757,575 1,460,000 81% 307
 Cuba 12,985 11,303,687 2,692,692 77% 238
 Curaçao 27,504 153,822 24,704 89 161
 Cayman Islands 66,207 59,172 60,000 100% 1,014
 Cyprus 39,545 1,198,575 769,485 67% 642
 Germany 53,785 83,132,800 50,627,876 77% 609
 Djibouti 6,597 746,221 114,997 78% 154
 Dominica 11,709 72,400 13,176 71% 182
 Denmark 57,821 5,818,553 4,910,859 88% 844
 Dominican Republic 15,328 10,528,394 4,063,910 83% 386
 Algeria 11,826 40,606,052 12,378,740 74% 305
 Ecuador 11,896 16,144,368 5,297,211 64% 328
 Egypt 10,301 87,813,256 21,000,000 43% 239
 Eritrea 1,715 4,474,690 726,957 41% 162
 Spain 40,986 47,076,780 22,408,548 81% 476
 Estonia 36,956 1,326,590 489,512 69% 369
 Ethiopia 1,779 99,873,032 6,532,787 22% 65
 Finland 48,814 5,520,314 3,124,498 86% 566
 Fiji 10,788 867,086 189,390 57% 218
 France 46,110 67,059,888 36,748,820 81% 548
 Faroe Islands 44,403 48,842 61,000 42% 1,249
 Federated States of Micronesia 3,440 104,937 26,040 23% 248
 Gabon 18,515 1,086,137 238,102 90% 219
 United Kingdom 46,290 66,460,344 30,771,140 84% 463
 Georgia 12,605 3,717,100 800,000 59% 215
 Ghana 3,093 21,542,008 3,538,275 57% 164
 Gibraltar 43,712 33,623 16,954 100% 504
 Guinea 1,623 8,132,552 596,911 37% 73
 Gambia 2,181 1,311,349 193,441 63% 148
 Guinea-Bissau 1,800 1,770,526 289,514 44% 164
 Equatorial Guinea 24,827 1,221,490 198,443 73% 162
 Greece 30,465 10,716,322 5,615,353 80% 524
 Grenada 13,208 105,481 29,536 37% 280
 Greenland 43,949 56,905 50,000 87% 879
 Guatemala 8,125 16,252,429 2,756,741 52% 170
 Guam 59,075 159,973 141,500 95% 885
 Guyana 9,812 746,556 179,252 27% 240
 Hong Kong 57,216 7,305,700 5,679,816 100% 777
 Honduras 5,396 9,112,867 2,162,028 58% 237
 Croatia 28,829 4,067,500 1,810,038 58% 445
 Haiti 2,953 10,847,334 2,309,852 57% 213
 Hungary 32,643 9,769,949 3,780,970 72% 387
 Indonesia 10,531 261,115,456 65,200,000 57% 250
 Isle of Man 44,204 80,759 50,551 53% 626
 India 6,497 1,352,617,344 189,750,000 35% 140
 Ireland 83,389 4,867,316 2,910,655 64% 598
 Iran 14,536 80,277,424 17,885,000 76% 223
 Iraq 10,311 36,115,648 13,140,000 71% 364
 Iceland 55,274 343,400 225,270 94% 656
 Israel 37,688 8,380,100 5,400,000 93% 644
 Italy 42,420 60,297,396 30,088,400 71% 499
 Jamaica 9,551 2,881,355 1,051,695 56% 365
 Jordan 10,413 8,413,464 2,529,997 91% 301
 Japan 41,310 126,529,104 42,720,000 92% 338
 Kazakhstan 22,703 16,791,424 4,659,740 58% 278
 Kenya 3,330 41,350,152 5,595,099 28% 135
 Kyrgyzstan 4,805 5,956,900 1,113,300 37% 187
 Cambodia 3,364 15,270,790 1,089,000 24% 71
 Kiribati 2,250 114,395 35,724 56% 312
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 25,569 54,288 32,892 31% 606
 South Korea 42,105 51,606,632 20,452,776 81% 396
 Kuwait 58,810 2,998,083 1,750,000 100% 584
 Laos 6,544 6,663,967 351,900 36% 53
 Lebanon 16,967 5,603,279 2,040,000 89% 364
 Liberia 1,333 3,512,932 564,467 52% 161
 Libya 8,480 6,193,501 2,147,596 81% 347
 Saint Lucia 14,030 177,206 77,616 19% 438
 Liechtenstein 45,727 36,545 32,382 14% 886
 Sri Lanka 12,287 21,203,000 2,631,650 19% 124
 Lesotho 1,979 1,965,662 73,457 29% 37
 Lithuania 37,278 2,786,844 1,315,390 68% 472
 Luxembourg 114,323 619,896 490,338 91% 791
 Latvia 30,982 1,912,789 839,714 68% 439
 Macau 117,336 612,167 377,942 100% 617
 Morocco 6,915 34,318,080 6,852,000 64% 200
 Monaco 43,712 37,783 46,000 100% 1,217
 Moldova 10,361 3,554,108 3,981,200 43% 1,120
 Madagascar 1,566 24,894,552 3,768,759 39% 151
 Maldives 17,285 409,163 211,506 41% 517
 Mexico 19,332 125,890,952 53,100,000 81% 422
 Marshall Islands 3,629 52,793 8,614 78% 163
 North Macedonia 16,148 2,082,958 626,970 58% 301
 Mali 2,008 16,006,670 1,937,354 44% 121
 Malta 43,708 502,653 348,841 95% 694
 Myanmar 1,094 46,095,464 4,677,307 31% 101
 Montenegro 20,753 622,227 329,780 67% 530
 Mongolia 10,940 3,027,398 2,900,000 69% 958
 Northern Mariana Islands 60,956 54,036 32,761 92% 606
 Mozambique 1,217 27,212,382 2,500,000 37% 92
 Mauritania 4,784 3,506,288 454,000 55% 129
 Mauritius 20,647 1,263,473 438,000 41% 347
 Malawi 999 16,577,147 1,297,844 17% 78
 Malaysia 23,906 30,228,016 12,982,685 77% 429
 Namibia 6,153 1,559,983 256,729 52% 165
 New Caledonia 57,330 278,000 108,157 72% 389
 Niger 1,038 8,842,415 1,865,646 17% 211
 Nigeria 4,690 154,402,176 27,614,830 52% 179
 Nicaragua 4,612 5,737,723 1,528,816 59% 266
 Netherlands 56,849 17,332,850 8,805,088 92% 508
 Norway 64,962 5,347,896 4,149,967 83% 776
   Nepal 2,902 28,982,772 1,768,977 21% 61
 Nauru 11,167 13,049 6,192 100% 475
 New Zealand 41,857 4,692,700 3,405,000 87% 726
 Oman 30,536 3,960,925 1,734,885 86% 438
 Pakistan 4,571 193,203,472 30,760,000 37% 159
 Panama 28,436 3,969,249 1,472,262 68% 371
 Peru 11,877 30,973,354 8,356,711 78% 270
 Philippines 7,705 103,320,224 14,631,923 47% 142
 Palau 18,275 21,503 9,427 81% 438
 Papua New Guinea 3,912 7,755,785 1,000,000 13% 129
 Poland 33,222 37,970,872 12,758,213 60% 336
 Puerto Rico 34,311 3,473,181 4,170,953 94% 1,201
 Portugal 34,962 10,269,417 5,268,211 66% 513
 Paraguay 11,810 6,639,119 1,818,501 62% 274
 Palestine 5,986 4,046,901 1,387,000 77% 343
 French Polynesia 60,956 273,528 147,000 62% 537
 Qatar 96,262 2,109,568 1,000,990 99% 475
 Romania 29,984 19,356,544 5,419,833 54% 280
 Russia 26,013 143,201,680 60,000,000 75% 419
 Rwanda 1,951 11,917,508 4,384,969 17% 368
 Saudi Arabia 48,921 31,557,144 16,125,701 84% 511
 Sudan 4,192 38,647,804 2,831,291 35% 73
 Senegal 3,068 15,411,614 2,454,059 48% 159
 Singapore 97,341 5,703,600 1,870,000 100% 328
 Solomon Islands 2,596 563,513 179,972 25% 319
 Sierra Leone 1,238 5,439,695 610,222 43% 112
 El Salvador 7,329 6,164,626 1,648,996 73% 267
 San Marino 58,806 33,203 17,175 97% 517
 Somalia 1,863 14,317,996 2,326,099 46% 162
 Serbia 18,351 6,944,975 2,347,402 56% 338
 South Sudan 1,796 11,177,490 2,680,681 20% 240
 São Tomé and Príncipe 3,721 191,266 25,587 74% 134
 Suriname 16,954 526,103 78,620 66% 149
 Slovakia 31,966 5,454,073 2,296,165 54% 421
 Slovenia 39,038 2,087,946 1,052,325 55% 504
 Sweden 52,609 10,285,453 4,618,169 88% 449
 Eswatini 8,321 1,343,098 218,199 24% 162
 Seychelles 23,303 88,303 48,000 58% 544
 Syria 8,587 20,824,892 4,500,000 55% 216
 Chad 1,733 11,887,202 1,358,851 24% 114
 Togo 1,404 7,228,915 1,109,030 43% 153
 Thailand 16,302 68,657,600 26,853,366 51% 391
 Tajikistan 2,616 8,177,809 1,787,400 28% 219
 Turkmenistan 11,471 5,366,277 500,000 53% 93
 Timor-Leste 3,345 1,268,671 63,875 31% 50
 Tonga 5,636 104,951 17,238 23% 164
 Trinidad and Tobago 28,911 1,328,100 727,874 53% 548
 Tunisia 10,505 11,143,908 2,700,000 70% 242
 Turkey 28,289 83,429,616 35,374,156 76% 424
 Tuvalu 3,793 11,097 3,989 64% 360
 Tanzania 2,129 49,082,996 9,276,995 35% 189
 Uganda 1,972 35,093,648 7,045,050 25% 201
 Ukraine 11,535 45,004,644 15,242,025 70% 339
 Uruguay 20,588 3,431,552 1,260,140 96% 367
 United States of America 61,498 326,687,488 265,224,528 83% 812
 Uzbekistan 5,164 29,774,500 4,000,000 50% 134
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11,972 109,455 31,561 53% 288
 Venezuela 14,270 29,893,080 9,779,093 88% 327
 British Virgin Islands 24,216 20,645 21,099 49% 1,022
 United States Virgin Islands 30,437 105,784 146,500 96% 1,385
 Vietnam 5,089 86,932,496 9,570,300 37% 110
 Vanuatu 3,062 270,402 70,225 26% 260
 Samoa 6,211 187,665 27,399 18% 146
 Yemen 8,270 27,584,212 4,836,820 38% 175
 South Africa 12,667 51,729,344 18,457,232 67% 357
 Zambia 3,201 14,264,756 2,608,268 45% 183
 Zimbabwe 3,191 12,500,525 1,449,752 32% 116

Waste management by region

[edit]

China

[edit]

Municipal solid waste generation shows spatiotemporal variation. In spatial distribution, the point sources in eastern coastal regions are quite different. Guangdong, Shanghai and Tianjin produced MSW of 30.35, 7.85 and 2.95 Mt, respectively. In temporal distribution, during 2009–2018, Fujian province showed a 123% increase in MSW generation while Liaoning province showed only 7% increase, whereas Shanghai special zone had a decline of −11% after 2013. MSW composition characteristics are complicated. The major components such as kitchen waste, paper and rubber & plastics in different eastern coastal cities have fluctuation in the range of 52.8–65.3%, 3.5–11.9%, and 9.9–19.1%, respectively. Treatment rate of consumption waste is up to 99% with a sum of 52% landfill, 45% incineration, and 3% composting technologies, indicating that landfill still dominates MSW treatment.[99]

Hungary

[edit]

Hungary's first waste prevention program was their 2014-2020 national waste management plan. Their current program (2021-2027) is financed by European Union and international grants, domestic co-financing, product charges, and landfill taxes.[100]

Morocco

[edit]

Morocco has seen benefits from implementing a $300 million sanitary landfill system. While it might appear to be a costly investment, the country's government predicts that it has saved them another $440 million in damages, or consequences of failing to dispose of waste properly.[101]

San Francisco

[edit]

San Francisco started to make changes to their waste management policies in 2009 with the expectation to be zero waste by 2030.[102] Council made changes such as making recycling and composting a mandatory practice for businesses and individuals, banning Styrofoam and plastic bags, putting charges on paper bags, and increasing garbage collection rates.[102][103] Businesses are fiscally rewarded for correct disposal of recycling and composting and taxed for incorrect disposal. Besides these policies, the waste bins were manufactured in various sizes. The compost bin is the largest, the recycling bin is second, and the garbage bin is the smallest. This encourages individuals to sort their waste thoughtfully with respect to the sizes. These systems are working because they were able to divert 80% of waste from the landfill, which is the highest rate of any major U.S. city.[102] Despite all these changes, Debbie Raphael, director of the San Francisco Department of the Environment, states that zero waste is still not achievable until all products are designed differently to be able to be recycled or compostable.[102]

Turkey

[edit]
 
 

Turkey generates about 30 million tons of solid municipal waste per year; the annual amount of waste generated per capita amounts to about 400 kilograms.[104] According to Waste Atlas, Turkey's waste collection coverage rate is 77%, whereas its unsound waste disposal rate is 69%.[104] While the country has a strong legal framework in terms of laying down common provisions for waste management, the implementation process has been considered slow since the beginning of 1990s.

United Kingdom

[edit]

Waste management policy in England is the responsibility of the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). In England, the "Waste Management Plan for England" presents a compilation of waste management policies.[105] In the devolved nations such as Scotland Waste management policy is a responsibility of their own respective departments.

Zambia

[edit]

In Zambia, ASAZA is a community-based organization whose principal purpose is to complement the efforts of the Government and cooperating partners to uplift the standard of living for disadvantaged communities. The project's main objective is to minimize the problem of indiscriminate littering which leads to land degradation and pollution of the environment. ASAZA is also at the same time helping alleviate the problems of unemployment and poverty through income generation and payment of participants, women, and unskilled youths.[106]

E-waste

[edit]

A record 53.6 million metric tonnes (Mt) of electronic waste was generated worldwide in 2019, up 21 percent in just five years, according to the UN's Global E-waste Monitor 2020, released today. The new report also predicts global e-waste – discarded products with a battery or plug – will reach 74 Mt by 2030, almost a doubling of e-waste in just 16 years. This makes e-waste the world's fastest-growing domestic waste stream, fueled mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment, short life cycles, and few options for repair. Only 17.4 percent of 2019's e-waste was collected and recycled. This means that gold, silver, copper, platinum, and other high-value, recoverable materials conservatively valued at US$57 billion – a sum greater than the Gross Domestic Product of most countries – were mostly dumped or burned rather than being collected for treatment and reuse.[107] E-wasteis predicted to double by 2050.[108][109]

Transboundary movement of e-waste

[edit]

The Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor quantified that 5.1 Mt (just below 10 percent of the total amount of global e-waste, 53.6 Mt) crossed country borders in 2019. To better understand the implication of transboundary movement, this study categorizes the transboundary movement of e-waste into controlled and uncontrolled movements and also considers both the receiving and sending regions.[110]

Scientific journals

[edit]

Related scientific journals in this area include:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also known as a tip, dump, rubbish tip, rubbish dump, garbage dump, trash dump, or dumping ground.

References

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Our team takes precautions to prevent property damage. However, it's advisable to place protective materials under the dumpster if you're concerned.

Hazardous materials are not permitted in our dumpsters. Contact local waste management authorities for proper disposal methods.